DATABRICKS LEARNING
# We will implement Stack operations using List
# Last in First Out
class MyStack:
def __init__(self):
self.mystack = []
def add_stack(self,val):
#adding member
self.mystack.append(val)
def remove_stack(self):
#remove from the list
self.mystack.pop()
def print_stack(self):
print(“Values in the list are: \n“,self.mystack)
stack1 = MyStack()
stack1.add_stack(40)
stack1.add_stack(10)
stack1.add_stack(30)
stack1.add_stack(60)
stack1.add_stack(20)
stack1.print_stack()
stack1.remove_stack()
stack1.print_stack()
stack1.remove_stack()
stack1.print_stack()
# Last in First Out
class MyStack:
def __init__(self):
self.mystack = []
def add_stack(self,val):
#adding member
self.mystack.append(val)
def remove_stack(self):
#remove from the list
self.mystack.pop()
def print_stack(self):
print(“Values in the list are: \n“,self.mystack)
stack1 = MyStack()
stack1.add_stack(40)
stack1.add_stack(10)
stack1.add_stack(30)
stack1.add_stack(60)
stack1.add_stack(20)
stack1.print_stack()
stack1.remove_stack()
stack1.print_stack()
stack1.remove_stack()
stack1.print_stack()
SQL Syntax
Spark SQL is Apache Spark’s module for working with structured data. The SQL Syntax section describes the SQL syntax in detail along with usage examples when applicable. This document provides a list of Data Definition and Data Manipulation Statements, as well as Data Retrieval and Auxiliary Statements.
DDL Statements
- ALTER DATABASE
- ALTER TABLE
- ALTER VIEW
- CREATE DATABASE
- CREATE FUNCTION
- CREATE TABLE
- CREATE VIEW
- DROP DATABASE
- DROP FUNCTION
- DROP TABLE
- DROP VIEW
- REPAIR TABLE
- TRUNCATE TABLE
- USE DATABASE
DML Statements
- INSERT INTO
- INSERT OVERWRITE
- INSERT OVERWRITE DIRECTORY
- INSERT OVERWRITE DIRECTORY with Hive format
- LOAD
Data Retrieval Statements
Auxiliary Statements
- ADD FILE
- ADD JAR
- ANALYZE TABLE
- CACHE TABLE
- CLEAR CACHE
- DESCRIBE DATABASE
- DESCRIBE FUNCTION
- DESCRIBE QUERY
- DESCRIBE TABLE
- LIST FILE
- LIST JAR
- REFRESH
- REFRESH TABLE
- RESET
- SET
- SHOW COLUMNS
- SHOW CREATE TABLE
- SHOW DATABASES
- SHOW FUNCTIONS
- SHOW PARTITIONS
- SHOW TABLE EXTENDED
- SHOW TABLES
- SHOW TBLPROPERTIES
- SHOW VIEWS
- UNCACHE TABLE
PYTHON NOV 2023
”’
print() – displays the content on the screen
functions have () after the name
python commands are case sensitive- Print is not same as print
”’
# idgjdsigjfigj
# comments mean that you are asking computer to ignore them
print(5)
print(5+3)
print(‘5+3’)
print(“5+3”)
print(‘5+2*3=’,5+2*3,“and 4*3=”,4*3)
print() – displays the content on the screen
functions have () after the name
python commands are case sensitive- Print is not same as print
”’
# idgjdsigjfigj
# comments mean that you are asking computer to ignore them
print(5)
print(5+3)
print(‘5+3’)
print(“5+3”)
print(‘5+2*3=’,5+2*3,“and 4*3=”,4*3)
print(“Hello How are you?”);print(‘Hello How are you?’)
# print always starts from a new line
# escape sequence: \n (newline) \t for tab spaces
print(“How are you doing? \nWhere are you \tgoing?”);
# What’s your name?
print(“What’s your name?”)
# He asked me,”What’s your name?”
print(“He asked me,\”What’s your name?\”“,end=“\n“)
# He asked me,\”What’s your name?\”
print(“He asked me,\\\”What’s your name?\\\”“,end=“\n“)
print(“Hello”,end=” – “)
print(“How are you?”)
print(“Basic data types in Python”)
# numeric – int (integer)- -99, -4,0,5,888: no decimal values
marks1 = 43
marks2 = 87
print(“Marks1 =”,marks1)
marks1 = 99
print(marks1)
# function: type() – it gives the datatype
print(type(marks1)) #<class ‘int’>
marks = 87.0 # <class ‘float’>
print(type(marks))
# complex: square root of -1: j
calc = 3j * 4j
print(calc) # 12 j-square = -12 + 0j
print(‘Data type of calc = ‘,type(calc))
# print always starts from a new line
# escape sequence: \n (newline) \t for tab spaces
print(“How are you doing? \nWhere are you \tgoing?”);
# What’s your name?
print(“What’s your name?”)
# He asked me,”What’s your name?”
print(“He asked me,\”What’s your name?\”“,end=“\n“)
# He asked me,\”What’s your name?\”
print(“He asked me,\\\”What’s your name?\\\”“,end=“\n“)
print(“Hello”,end=” – “)
print(“How are you?”)
print(“Basic data types in Python”)
# numeric – int (integer)- -99, -4,0,5,888: no decimal values
marks1 = 43
marks2 = 87
print(“Marks1 =”,marks1)
marks1 = 99
print(marks1)
# function: type() – it gives the datatype
print(type(marks1)) #<class ‘int’>
marks = 87.0 # <class ‘float’>
print(type(marks))
# complex: square root of -1: j
calc = 3j * 4j
print(calc) # 12 j-square = -12 + 0j
print(‘Data type of calc = ‘,type(calc))
# int float complex
a = –55
print(type(a))
a = –55.0
print(type(a))
a = –55j
print(type(a))
# str – string – text
print(“HELLO”)
name=“Sachin”
print(name)
print(“type = “,type(name))
name=‘Virat kohli leads \nbangalore team in IPL’
print(name)
print(“type = “,type(name))
name=”’Rohit is the captain
of Indian team
He opens in the ODIs”’
print(name)
print(“type = “,type(name))
name=“””Rohit led the Indian team
in 2023 ODI World cup and
reached finals”””
print(name)
print(“type = “,type(name))
#5th data type – Bool boolean – 2 values: True and False
val1 = True # False
print(type(val1))
# Formatting the print statement
quantity = 12
price = 39
total = quantity * price
print(“Total cost of”,quantity,“books which costs per copy Rs”,price,“will be Rs”,total)
# f – string is used to format the output
print(f”Total cost of {quantity} books which costs per copy Rs {price} will be Rs {total}“)
# f-string is used to format float values as well
quantity, total = 12, 231.35
price = total/quantity
print(f”Total cost of {quantity} books which costs per copy Rs {price:.1f} will be Rs {total}“)
# f-string for string values
name,country,title=“Rohit”,“India”,“Captain”
print(f”Player {name:<12} plays for {country:^10} and is the {title:>15} of the team”)
name,country,title=“Mangbwabe”,“Zimbabwe”,“Wicket-keeper”
print(f”Player {name:<12} plays for {country:^10} and is the {title:>15} of the team”)
### INPUT
## to take input from the user
## input can take no or at max 1 parameter
inp_val = int(input(“Enter first number: “))
print(inp_val)
print(“Datatype of input=”,type(inp_val))
inp_val2 = int(input(“Enter second number: “))
print(“Sum of two numbers=”,inp_val+inp_val2)
## change below programs to accept the values from the user using input
# 1. write a program to calculate area and perimeter of a rectangle
l=50
b=20
area = l*b
peri = 2*(l+b)
print(f”Area and perimeter of a rectangle with length {l} and breadth {b} is {area} and {peri} respectively”)
# 2. write a program to calculate area and perimeter of a square
#### Assignment ##
# 3. write a program to calculate volume and surface area of a cone
#### Assignment ##
# 4. write a program to calculate volume and surface area of a cylinder
#### Assignment ##
# 5. write a program to calculate area and circumference of a circle
r=50
pi = 3.12
area = pi*r**2
cir = 2*pi*r
print(f”Area and circumference of a circle with radius {r} is {area} and {cir} respectively”)
a = –55
print(type(a))
a = –55.0
print(type(a))
a = –55j
print(type(a))
# str – string – text
print(“HELLO”)
name=“Sachin”
print(name)
print(“type = “,type(name))
name=‘Virat kohli leads \nbangalore team in IPL’
print(name)
print(“type = “,type(name))
name=”’Rohit is the captain
of Indian team
He opens in the ODIs”’
print(name)
print(“type = “,type(name))
name=“””Rohit led the Indian team
in 2023 ODI World cup and
reached finals”””
print(name)
print(“type = “,type(name))
#5th data type – Bool boolean – 2 values: True and False
val1 = True # False
print(type(val1))
# Formatting the print statement
quantity = 12
price = 39
total = quantity * price
print(“Total cost of”,quantity,“books which costs per copy Rs”,price,“will be Rs”,total)
# f – string is used to format the output
print(f”Total cost of {quantity} books which costs per copy Rs {price} will be Rs {total}“)
# f-string is used to format float values as well
quantity, total = 12, 231.35
price = total/quantity
print(f”Total cost of {quantity} books which costs per copy Rs {price:.1f} will be Rs {total}“)
# f-string for string values
name,country,title=“Rohit”,“India”,“Captain”
print(f”Player {name:<12} plays for {country:^10} and is the {title:>15} of the team”)
name,country,title=“Mangbwabe”,“Zimbabwe”,“Wicket-keeper”
print(f”Player {name:<12} plays for {country:^10} and is the {title:>15} of the team”)
### INPUT
## to take input from the user
## input can take no or at max 1 parameter
inp_val = int(input(“Enter first number: “))
print(inp_val)
print(“Datatype of input=”,type(inp_val))
inp_val2 = int(input(“Enter second number: “))
print(“Sum of two numbers=”,inp_val+inp_val2)
## change below programs to accept the values from the user using input
# 1. write a program to calculate area and perimeter of a rectangle
l=50
b=20
area = l*b
peri = 2*(l+b)
print(f”Area and perimeter of a rectangle with length {l} and breadth {b} is {area} and {peri} respectively”)
# 2. write a program to calculate area and perimeter of a square
#### Assignment ##
# 3. write a program to calculate volume and surface area of a cone
#### Assignment ##
# 4. write a program to calculate volume and surface area of a cylinder
#### Assignment ##
# 5. write a program to calculate area and circumference of a circle
r=50
pi = 3.12
area = pi*r**2
cir = 2*pi*r
print(f”Area and circumference of a circle with radius {r} is {area} and {cir} respectively”)
# input() – read input from the user
num1 = int(input(“Enter first number:”))
print(“type = “,type(num1))
num2 = int(input(“Enter second number:”))
print(“Sum is “,num1+num2)
# calculate area and perimeter for a rectangle
length=float(input(“Enter length of the rectangle:”))
breadth=float(input(“Enter breadth of the rectangle:”))
perimeter = (length+breadth)*2
print(“Perimeter of the rectangle is”,perimeter)
# int() -to convert to int
#similarly you can use float(), str() bool() complex()
# operators:
# Arithmatic operators: + – * / ** // % (modulo – remainder)
num1 = 11 #assignment operator = we are assigning value 11 to num1
num2 = 3
print(num1 + num2)
print(num1 – num2)
print(num1 * num2)
print(num1 / num2)
print(num1 ** num2) #power
print(num1 // num2) #integer division
print(num1 % num2) # remainder
## relational operators (comparision)
## > >= < <= == != (is it?)
## output is always bool (True or False)
num1,num2,num3 = 11,9,11
print(“Relational : “, num1 > num2) # T
print(“Relational : “, num1 >= num3) # T
print(“Relational : “, num1 < num2) # F
print(“Relational : “, num1 <= num3) # T
print(“Relational : “, num1 == num2) # F
print(“Relational : “, num1 == num3) # T
print(“Relational : “, num1 != num2) # T
print(“Relational : “, num1 != num3) # F
print(“Relational : “, num1 > num3) # F
print(“Relational : “, num1 < num3) # F
# Logical operators: and or not
# input and output are both bool values
”’
Prediction 1: Rohit and Ishan will open the batting
Prediction 2: Rohit or Ishan will open the batting
Actual: Rohit and Gill opened the batting
Prediction 1 False
Prediction 2 True
Truth Table: AND (*)
T and T = T
T and F = F
F and T = F
F and F = F
OR (+)
T or T = T
T or F = T
F or T = T
F or F = F
not T = F
not F = T
”’
num1,num2,num3 = 11,9,11
print( not(num1 > num2 and num1 >= num3 or num1 < num2 or num1 <= num3 and num1 == num2
and num1 == num3 or num1 != num2 or num1 != num3 and num1 > num3 or num1 < num3))
# T and T or F or T and F and T or T or F and F or F
# T or F or F or T or F or F
# T
# int to binary and vice-versa
num1 = 34
print(“Binary of num1=”,bin(34))
num2 = 0b100010
print(“Integer of num2=”,int(num2))
print(oct(34)) # 0o42
print(hex(34)) # 0x22
#Bitwise: & (bitwise and) | (bitwise or) >> (right shift) << (left shift)
num1 = 23 #0b10111
num2 = 31 #0b11111
print(bin(num1),“and”,bin(num2))
”’
bitwise &
10111
11111
——–
10111
”’
print(int(0b10111)) # 23
print(“23 & 31 = “,23 & 31) # 23
”’
bitwise |
10111
11111
——–
11111
”’
print(“23 | 31 = “,23 | 31) # 31
”’
THTO
54320
”’
print(“23 << 2:”,23 << 2) # 92
”’
1011100 << 2
”’
print(int(0b1011100))
print(“23 << 2:”,23 >> 2) # 5
”’
101
”’
print(int(0b101))
# conditions
”’
display message after checking if the student has passed or failed the exam
condition is avg >= 40 to pass
if command checks the condition is Python
syntax:
if condition :
# perform things when the condition is true
Title
* sub
o ss
i.
ii.
”’
avg =82
if avg >=40:
print(“Congratulations!”)
print(“You’ve passed!”)
print(“Thank you”)
”’
Check avg and print Pass or Fail
”’
avg = 19
if avg >=40:
print(“Pass”)
else:
print(“Fail”)
num1 = int(input(“Enter first number:”))
print(“type = “,type(num1))
num2 = int(input(“Enter second number:”))
print(“Sum is “,num1+num2)
# calculate area and perimeter for a rectangle
length=float(input(“Enter length of the rectangle:”))
breadth=float(input(“Enter breadth of the rectangle:”))
perimeter = (length+breadth)*2
print(“Perimeter of the rectangle is”,perimeter)
# int() -to convert to int
#similarly you can use float(), str() bool() complex()
# operators:
# Arithmatic operators: + – * / ** // % (modulo – remainder)
num1 = 11 #assignment operator = we are assigning value 11 to num1
num2 = 3
print(num1 + num2)
print(num1 – num2)
print(num1 * num2)
print(num1 / num2)
print(num1 ** num2) #power
print(num1 // num2) #integer division
print(num1 % num2) # remainder
## relational operators (comparision)
## > >= < <= == != (is it?)
## output is always bool (True or False)
num1,num2,num3 = 11,9,11
print(“Relational : “, num1 > num2) # T
print(“Relational : “, num1 >= num3) # T
print(“Relational : “, num1 < num2) # F
print(“Relational : “, num1 <= num3) # T
print(“Relational : “, num1 == num2) # F
print(“Relational : “, num1 == num3) # T
print(“Relational : “, num1 != num2) # T
print(“Relational : “, num1 != num3) # F
print(“Relational : “, num1 > num3) # F
print(“Relational : “, num1 < num3) # F
# Logical operators: and or not
# input and output are both bool values
”’
Prediction 1: Rohit and Ishan will open the batting
Prediction 2: Rohit or Ishan will open the batting
Actual: Rohit and Gill opened the batting
Prediction 1 False
Prediction 2 True
Truth Table: AND (*)
T and T = T
T and F = F
F and T = F
F and F = F
OR (+)
T or T = T
T or F = T
F or T = T
F or F = F
not T = F
not F = T
”’
num1,num2,num3 = 11,9,11
print( not(num1 > num2 and num1 >= num3 or num1 < num2 or num1 <= num3 and num1 == num2
and num1 == num3 or num1 != num2 or num1 != num3 and num1 > num3 or num1 < num3))
# T and T or F or T and F and T or T or F and F or F
# T or F or F or T or F or F
# T
# int to binary and vice-versa
num1 = 34
print(“Binary of num1=”,bin(34))
num2 = 0b100010
print(“Integer of num2=”,int(num2))
print(oct(34)) # 0o42
print(hex(34)) # 0x22
#Bitwise: & (bitwise and) | (bitwise or) >> (right shift) << (left shift)
num1 = 23 #0b10111
num2 = 31 #0b11111
print(bin(num1),“and”,bin(num2))
”’
bitwise &
10111
11111
——–
10111
”’
print(int(0b10111)) # 23
print(“23 & 31 = “,23 & 31) # 23
”’
bitwise |
10111
11111
——–
11111
”’
print(“23 | 31 = “,23 | 31) # 31
”’
THTO
54320
”’
print(“23 << 2:”,23 << 2) # 92
”’
1011100 << 2
”’
print(int(0b1011100))
print(“23 << 2:”,23 >> 2) # 5
”’
101
”’
print(int(0b101))
# conditions
”’
display message after checking if the student has passed or failed the exam
condition is avg >= 40 to pass
if command checks the condition is Python
syntax:
if condition :
# perform things when the condition is true
Title
* sub
o ss
i.
ii.
”’
avg =82
if avg >=40:
print(“Congratulations!”)
print(“You’ve passed!”)
print(“Thank you”)
”’
Check avg and print Pass or Fail
”’
avg = 19
if avg >=40:
print(“Pass”)
else:
print(“Fail”)
# IF – condition – will always result into True or False
num1 = 71.000000001
num2 = 71
# if num1 is greater than num2 then I want to print How are you? otherwise do nothing
if num1 > num2:
print(“How are you?”)
print(“Where are you going?”)
print(“Thank you”)
# if num1 is greater than num2 then I want to print How are you? otherwise print Do nothing
if num1 > num2:
print(“How are you?”)
print(“Where are you going?”)
else:
print(“Do Nothing”)
”’
Input a number from the user and check if its +ve, -ve or zero
”’
val = int(input(“Enter a number: “))
print(“Type of data =”,type(val))
# IF – ELIF – ELSE
if val==0: # == is to check the equality
print(“Its Zero”)
elif val <= 0:
print(“Its -ve number”)
else:
print(“Its +ve number”)
if val==0:
print(“Its Zero”)
if val<=0:
print(“Its -ve number”)
if val>=0:
print(“Its +ve number”)
”’
Write a program to take 2 inputs from the user and check if the first
number is greater, smaller or equal to the second one
”’
num1 = int(input(“Enter first number: “))
num2 = int(input(“Enter second number: “))
if num1 > num2:
print(num1,“is greater than”,num2)
elif num1 < num2:
print(num1,“is less than”,num2)
else:
print(num1, “and”, num2,“are equal”)
”’
WAP to take marks in 5 subjects as input, calculate total and average
and assign grade based on below condition:
a. avg 85 – Grade A
b. avg 70-85 – Grade B
c. avg 60-70 – Grade C
d. avg 50-60 – Grade D
e. avg 40 -50 – Grade E
f. avg <40 – Grade F
”’
marks1 = float(input(“Enter the marks in subject 1: “))
marks2 = float(input(“Enter the marks in subject 2: “))
marks3 = float(input(“Enter the marks in subject 3: “))
marks4 = float(input(“Enter the marks in subject 4: “))
marks5 = float(input(“Enter the marks in subject 5: “))
total = marks1 + marks5 + marks4 + marks3 + marks2
avg = total / 5
print(f”Total marks is {total:.2f} and average is {avg:.2f}“)
if avg>=85:
print(“Grade A”)
elif avg>=70:
print(“Grade B”)
elif avg>=60:
print(“Grade C”)
elif avg>=50:
print(“Grade D”)
elif avg>=40:
print(“Grade E”)
else:
print(“Grade F”)
”’
Let’s write a program to read length and breadth from the user
check if its square or rectangle and calculate area and perimeter
”’
length = int(input(‘Enter the length: ‘))
breadth = int(input(‘Enter the breadth: ‘))
#and & or are logical operator which connects you conditonal statements
# and: both the statements need to be true for True else its false
# or: both the statements need to be false for False else its True
if length>0 and breadth >0:
print(“Rectangle and Square both possible”)
if length==breadth:
print(“Square”)
print(f”Area is {length**2} and the perimeter is {4*length}“)
else:
print(“Rectangle”)
print(f”Area is {length * breadth} and the perimeter is {2 * (length+breadth)}“)
else:
print(“Neither Rectangle nor Square possible”)
num1 = 71.000000001
num2 = 71
# if num1 is greater than num2 then I want to print How are you? otherwise do nothing
if num1 > num2:
print(“How are you?”)
print(“Where are you going?”)
print(“Thank you”)
# if num1 is greater than num2 then I want to print How are you? otherwise print Do nothing
if num1 > num2:
print(“How are you?”)
print(“Where are you going?”)
else:
print(“Do Nothing”)
”’
Input a number from the user and check if its +ve, -ve or zero
”’
val = int(input(“Enter a number: “))
print(“Type of data =”,type(val))
# IF – ELIF – ELSE
if val==0: # == is to check the equality
print(“Its Zero”)
elif val <= 0:
print(“Its -ve number”)
else:
print(“Its +ve number”)
if val==0:
print(“Its Zero”)
if val<=0:
print(“Its -ve number”)
if val>=0:
print(“Its +ve number”)
”’
Write a program to take 2 inputs from the user and check if the first
number is greater, smaller or equal to the second one
”’
num1 = int(input(“Enter first number: “))
num2 = int(input(“Enter second number: “))
if num1 > num2:
print(num1,“is greater than”,num2)
elif num1 < num2:
print(num1,“is less than”,num2)
else:
print(num1, “and”, num2,“are equal”)
”’
WAP to take marks in 5 subjects as input, calculate total and average
and assign grade based on below condition:
a. avg 85 – Grade A
b. avg 70-85 – Grade B
c. avg 60-70 – Grade C
d. avg 50-60 – Grade D
e. avg 40 -50 – Grade E
f. avg <40 – Grade F
”’
marks1 = float(input(“Enter the marks in subject 1: “))
marks2 = float(input(“Enter the marks in subject 2: “))
marks3 = float(input(“Enter the marks in subject 3: “))
marks4 = float(input(“Enter the marks in subject 4: “))
marks5 = float(input(“Enter the marks in subject 5: “))
total = marks1 + marks5 + marks4 + marks3 + marks2
avg = total / 5
print(f”Total marks is {total:.2f} and average is {avg:.2f}“)
if avg>=85:
print(“Grade A”)
elif avg>=70:
print(“Grade B”)
elif avg>=60:
print(“Grade C”)
elif avg>=50:
print(“Grade D”)
elif avg>=40:
print(“Grade E”)
else:
print(“Grade F”)
”’
Let’s write a program to read length and breadth from the user
check if its square or rectangle and calculate area and perimeter
”’
length = int(input(‘Enter the length: ‘))
breadth = int(input(‘Enter the breadth: ‘))
#and & or are logical operator which connects you conditonal statements
# and: both the statements need to be true for True else its false
# or: both the statements need to be false for False else its True
if length>0 and breadth >0:
print(“Rectangle and Square both possible”)
if length==breadth:
print(“Square”)
print(f”Area is {length**2} and the perimeter is {4*length}“)
else:
print(“Rectangle”)
print(f”Area is {length * breadth} and the perimeter is {2 * (length+breadth)}“)
else:
print(“Neither Rectangle nor Square possible”)
”’
check if a number is positive, negative or zero
if the number is -ve, find the square root
if number is positive, check if its 2 digit or not
if 2 digits then interchange the values
otherwise, check if its divisible by 15,
”’
num1 = int(input(“Enter a number: “))
if num1<0:
print(“This is negative”)
print(f”Square root of {num1} is {num1**0.5}“)
elif num1==0:
print(“This is zero”)
else:
print(“This is positive”)
if num1>9 and num1<100:
#interchange the values: eg 35 = 53
# divide number by 10 =
d = num1 // 10
r = num1 % 10
new_num1 = r*10+d
print(f”{num1} is now made into {new_num1}“)
else:
if num1 % 15==0: # % mod – will give you remainder
print(“Number is divisible by 15”)
else:
print(“Number is not divisible by 15”)
#LOOPS – repeat the give block of code multiple times
# when you know exactly how many times to run – for
# repeatition is done based on a certain condition – while
# range(start,end,increment)- generates range of values from start upto end
# by increasing each element ny increment
# range(6,18,3): 6,9,12, 15
# range(start,end): increment is default 1
# range(15,19): 15,16,17,18
# range(end): start = 0, increment = 1
# range(6): 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
#print(), input(), type(), int(),str(),complex(),bool(), float()
for var in range(6,18,3):
print(“Hello from the loop!”)
print(“Value of var is”,var)
for count in range(15,19):
print(“Hello from the loop2!”)
print(“Value of var is”,count)
for count in range(4):
print(“Hello from the loop3!”)
print(“Value of var is”,count)
###
for i in range(5):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
for i in range(1,101):
print(i,end=“, “)
print()
”’
Generate odd numbers between 1 and 30
”’
for i in range(1,30,2):
print(i,end=“, “)
print()
”’
Generate first 10 even numbers
”’
start = 0
for i in range(10):
print(start,end=“, “)
start=start+2
print()
check if a number is positive, negative or zero
if the number is -ve, find the square root
if number is positive, check if its 2 digit or not
if 2 digits then interchange the values
otherwise, check if its divisible by 15,
”’
num1 = int(input(“Enter a number: “))
if num1<0:
print(“This is negative”)
print(f”Square root of {num1} is {num1**0.5}“)
elif num1==0:
print(“This is zero”)
else:
print(“This is positive”)
if num1>9 and num1<100:
#interchange the values: eg 35 = 53
# divide number by 10 =
d = num1 // 10
r = num1 % 10
new_num1 = r*10+d
print(f”{num1} is now made into {new_num1}“)
else:
if num1 % 15==0: # % mod – will give you remainder
print(“Number is divisible by 15”)
else:
print(“Number is not divisible by 15”)
#LOOPS – repeat the give block of code multiple times
# when you know exactly how many times to run – for
# repeatition is done based on a certain condition – while
# range(start,end,increment)- generates range of values from start upto end
# by increasing each element ny increment
# range(6,18,3): 6,9,12, 15
# range(start,end): increment is default 1
# range(15,19): 15,16,17,18
# range(end): start = 0, increment = 1
# range(6): 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
#print(), input(), type(), int(),str(),complex(),bool(), float()
for var in range(6,18,3):
print(“Hello from the loop!”)
print(“Value of var is”,var)
for count in range(15,19):
print(“Hello from the loop2!”)
print(“Value of var is”,count)
for count in range(4):
print(“Hello from the loop3!”)
print(“Value of var is”,count)
###
for i in range(5):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
for i in range(1,101):
print(i,end=“, “)
print()
”’
Generate odd numbers between 1 and 30
”’
for i in range(1,30,2):
print(i,end=“, “)
print()
”’
Generate first 10 even numbers
”’
start = 0
for i in range(10):
print(start,end=“, “)
start=start+2
print()
# for loop examples
”’
Print all the numbers between 1 and 1000 which is perfectly divisible by 19 and 51
”’
start,end = 1, 10001
num1,num2 = 19,51
for n in range(start,end):
if n%num1==0 and n%num2==0:
print(n,end=“, “)
print()
”’
Generate prime numbers between 10000 and 50000
”’
start,end = 40000, 42000
for n in range(start,end):
isPrime = True
for num in range(2,n//2+1):
if n %num==0:
isPrime = False
break
if isPrime:
print(n,end=“, “)
”’
Print different * patterns
”’
for i in range(5):
print(“*”)
”’
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
”’
for j in range(5):
for i in range(5):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
”’
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
”’
for j in range(5):
for i in range(1+j):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
”’
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
”’
for j in range(5):
for i in range(5-j):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
”’
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
”’
for j in range(5):
for i in range(j):
print(” “,end=“”)
for i in range(5-j):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
”’
Assignment:
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
Solve assignments from the website
”’
## WHILE Loop
”’
WAP to print hello till user says no
”’
while True:
print(“HELLO 1”)
usr_inp=input(“Enter N to stop: “)
if usr_inp.lower()==“n”:
break
print(“====”)
usr_inp=input(“Enter N to stop: “)
while usr_inp.lower() !=‘n’:
print(“HELLO 2”)
usr_inp = input(“Enter N to stop: “)
”’
Print all the numbers between 1 and 1000 which is perfectly divisible by 19 and 51
”’
start,end = 1, 10001
num1,num2 = 19,51
for n in range(start,end):
if n%num1==0 and n%num2==0:
print(n,end=“, “)
print()
”’
Generate prime numbers between 10000 and 50000
”’
start,end = 40000, 42000
for n in range(start,end):
isPrime = True
for num in range(2,n//2+1):
if n %num==0:
isPrime = False
break
if isPrime:
print(n,end=“, “)
”’
Print different * patterns
”’
for i in range(5):
print(“*”)
”’
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
”’
for j in range(5):
for i in range(5):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
”’
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
”’
for j in range(5):
for i in range(1+j):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
”’
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
”’
for j in range(5):
for i in range(5-j):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
”’
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
”’
for j in range(5):
for i in range(j):
print(” “,end=“”)
for i in range(5-j):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
”’
Assignment:
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
Solve assignments from the website
”’
## WHILE Loop
”’
WAP to print hello till user says no
”’
while True:
print(“HELLO 1”)
usr_inp=input(“Enter N to stop: “)
if usr_inp.lower()==“n”:
break
print(“====”)
usr_inp=input(“Enter N to stop: “)
while usr_inp.lower() !=‘n’:
print(“HELLO 2”)
usr_inp = input(“Enter N to stop: “)
”’
A company offers dearness allowance (DA) of 40% of basic pay and house
rent allowance (HRA) of 10% of basic pay. Input basic pay of an employee,
calculate his/her DA, HRA and Gross pay (Gross = Basic Pay + DA+ HRA).
a. Modify the above scenario, such that the DA and HRA
percentages are also given as inputs.
b. Update the program such that the program uses a user-defined
function for calculating the Gross pay. The function takes Basic pay,
DA percentage and HRA percentage as inputs and returns the gross pay.
”’
#Case 1
basic_pay = int(input(“Enter your basic pay:”))
da = basic_pay *0.4
hra = basic_pay*0.1
gross_pay = basic_pay + da + hra
print(“Your gross pay for this month is Rs”,gross_pay)
#Case 2
basic_pay = int(input(“Enter your basic pay:”))
da = int(input(“Enter the dearness allowance (%): “))
da = da/100
hra = int(input(“Enter the House rent allowance (%): “))
hra = hra/100
gross_pay = basic_pay + basic_pay*da + basic_pay*hra
print(“Your gross pay for this month is Rs”,gross_pay)
#case 3
# defining a user defined function (udf)
# input taken by the function – passing the value
# and anything returned from the function – function returns the output
def calc_gross_pay(bp,da,hra=10):
hra = hra / 100
da = da / 100
gross_pay = bp + bp * da + bp * hra
return gross_pay
basic_pay = int(input(“Enter your basic pay:”))
da = int(input(“Enter the dearness allowance (%): “))
hra = int(input(“Enter the House rent allowance (%): “))
result = calc_gross_pay(basic_pay,da,hra)
print(“Your gross pay for this month is Rs”,result)
result = calc_gross_pay(basic_pay,da)
print(“Your gross pay with default hra for this month is Rs”,result)
result = calc_gross_pay(da=da,bp=basic_pay,hra=hra)
print(“Your gross pay with non-positional for this month is Rs”,result)
# required positional arguments
# default (non-required)
”’
You have a monthly income of Rs 1100. Your monthly outgoings are as follows.
• Rent – Rs.500
• Food – Rs.300
• Electricity – Rs.40
• Phone – Rs 60
• Cable TV – Rs 30.
Calculate the Monthly Expenses and the remainder (what’s left over each month).
a. Modify the above program by inputting the income as well as values
for expenses and calculate Monthly expense.
b. Include a function to check whether you will have savings or you
have to borrow money based on the monthly income and total expenses.
The function should print an appropriate message for each case.
”’
#case 1
income = 1100
Rent=500
Food=300
Electricity=40
Phone=60
Cable=30
expenses = Rent+Food+Electricity+Phone+Cable
remainder = income-expenses
print(“Your expenses for this month is”,expenses)
print(“You remainder for this month is”,remainder)
#case 2
income = int(input(“Enter your Income:”))
Rent= int(input(“Enter your rent:”))
Food= int(input(“Enter your food expenses:”))
Electricity= int(input(“Enter your Electricity charges:”))
Phone= int(input(“Enter your Phone expenses:”))
Cable= int(input(“Enter your Cable TV expenses:”))
expenses = Rent+Food+Electricity+Phone+Cable
remainder = income-expenses
print(“Your expenses for this month is”,expenses)
print(“You remainder for this month is”,remainder)
# case 3
def check_remainder(income,expenses):
remainder = income-expenses
if remainder<0:
print(f”You need to borrow Rs {remainder} for this month”)
elif remainder>0:
print(f”You have a savings of Rs {remainder} for this month”)
else:
print(“This month you neither have savings nor need to borrow any money”)
income = int(input(“Enter your Income:”))
Rent= int(input(“Enter your rent:”))
Food= int(input(“Enter your food expenses:”))
Electricity= int(input(“Enter your Electricity charges:”))
Phone= int(input(“Enter your Phone expenses:”))
Cable= int(input(“Enter your Cable TV expenses:”))
expenses = Rent+Food+Electricity+Phone+Cable
check_remainder(income,expenses)
########## PRACTICE #################
# defining a user defined function (udf)
# input taken by the function – passing the value
# and anything returned from the function – function returns the output
def calc_gross_pay(n1,n2):
print(“Hi, I am in calc_gross_pay_function”)
total = n1 + n2
#print(total)
return total
val1 = 100
val2 = 150
ret_val = calc_gross_pay(val1,val2) #calling the function pass the value
print(“Value returned from the function is”,ret_val)
val1 = 10
val2 = 50
result = calc_gross_pay(val1,val2) #calling the function pass the value
print(“Value returned from the function is”,result)
A company offers dearness allowance (DA) of 40% of basic pay and house
rent allowance (HRA) of 10% of basic pay. Input basic pay of an employee,
calculate his/her DA, HRA and Gross pay (Gross = Basic Pay + DA+ HRA).
a. Modify the above scenario, such that the DA and HRA
percentages are also given as inputs.
b. Update the program such that the program uses a user-defined
function for calculating the Gross pay. The function takes Basic pay,
DA percentage and HRA percentage as inputs and returns the gross pay.
”’
#Case 1
basic_pay = int(input(“Enter your basic pay:”))
da = basic_pay *0.4
hra = basic_pay*0.1
gross_pay = basic_pay + da + hra
print(“Your gross pay for this month is Rs”,gross_pay)
#Case 2
basic_pay = int(input(“Enter your basic pay:”))
da = int(input(“Enter the dearness allowance (%): “))
da = da/100
hra = int(input(“Enter the House rent allowance (%): “))
hra = hra/100
gross_pay = basic_pay + basic_pay*da + basic_pay*hra
print(“Your gross pay for this month is Rs”,gross_pay)
#case 3
# defining a user defined function (udf)
# input taken by the function – passing the value
# and anything returned from the function – function returns the output
def calc_gross_pay(bp,da,hra=10):
hra = hra / 100
da = da / 100
gross_pay = bp + bp * da + bp * hra
return gross_pay
basic_pay = int(input(“Enter your basic pay:”))
da = int(input(“Enter the dearness allowance (%): “))
hra = int(input(“Enter the House rent allowance (%): “))
result = calc_gross_pay(basic_pay,da,hra)
print(“Your gross pay for this month is Rs”,result)
result = calc_gross_pay(basic_pay,da)
print(“Your gross pay with default hra for this month is Rs”,result)
result = calc_gross_pay(da=da,bp=basic_pay,hra=hra)
print(“Your gross pay with non-positional for this month is Rs”,result)
# required positional arguments
# default (non-required)
”’
You have a monthly income of Rs 1100. Your monthly outgoings are as follows.
• Rent – Rs.500
• Food – Rs.300
• Electricity – Rs.40
• Phone – Rs 60
• Cable TV – Rs 30.
Calculate the Monthly Expenses and the remainder (what’s left over each month).
a. Modify the above program by inputting the income as well as values
for expenses and calculate Monthly expense.
b. Include a function to check whether you will have savings or you
have to borrow money based on the monthly income and total expenses.
The function should print an appropriate message for each case.
”’
#case 1
income = 1100
Rent=500
Food=300
Electricity=40
Phone=60
Cable=30
expenses = Rent+Food+Electricity+Phone+Cable
remainder = income-expenses
print(“Your expenses for this month is”,expenses)
print(“You remainder for this month is”,remainder)
#case 2
income = int(input(“Enter your Income:”))
Rent= int(input(“Enter your rent:”))
Food= int(input(“Enter your food expenses:”))
Electricity= int(input(“Enter your Electricity charges:”))
Phone= int(input(“Enter your Phone expenses:”))
Cable= int(input(“Enter your Cable TV expenses:”))
expenses = Rent+Food+Electricity+Phone+Cable
remainder = income-expenses
print(“Your expenses for this month is”,expenses)
print(“You remainder for this month is”,remainder)
# case 3
def check_remainder(income,expenses):
remainder = income-expenses
if remainder<0:
print(f”You need to borrow Rs {remainder} for this month”)
elif remainder>0:
print(f”You have a savings of Rs {remainder} for this month”)
else:
print(“This month you neither have savings nor need to borrow any money”)
income = int(input(“Enter your Income:”))
Rent= int(input(“Enter your rent:”))
Food= int(input(“Enter your food expenses:”))
Electricity= int(input(“Enter your Electricity charges:”))
Phone= int(input(“Enter your Phone expenses:”))
Cable= int(input(“Enter your Cable TV expenses:”))
expenses = Rent+Food+Electricity+Phone+Cable
check_remainder(income,expenses)
########## PRACTICE #################
# defining a user defined function (udf)
# input taken by the function – passing the value
# and anything returned from the function – function returns the output
def calc_gross_pay(n1,n2):
print(“Hi, I am in calc_gross_pay_function”)
total = n1 + n2
#print(total)
return total
val1 = 100
val2 = 150
ret_val = calc_gross_pay(val1,val2) #calling the function pass the value
print(“Value returned from the function is”,ret_val)
val1 = 10
val2 = 50
result = calc_gross_pay(val1,val2) #calling the function pass the value
print(“Value returned from the function is”,result)
November 23 Morning Python
# Compiler
# interpreter – Python, R
# pycharm editor by Jetbrains
print(“HELLO”) #tffjhgjhj
”’
sdfgdfgdf
dfdfgfd
zdfgdfzgzdf
”’
# interpreter – Python, R
# pycharm editor by Jetbrains
print(“HELLO”) #tffjhgjhj
”’
sdfgdfgdf
dfdfgfd
zdfgdfzgzdf
”’
# print – print the content on the screen
print(“5 + 3”)
print(5 + 3)
print(“5 + 3 =”, 5 + 3, “and 6+2 is also”,6+2)
#below we defined a variable called num1 and assgined a value
num1=30
num1 = 90
# there are 5 basic types of data:
# 1. integer (int): -infinity to + infinity no decimal
# 45, -99, 0, 678
num1=30
# type() which gives the type of the data (datatype)
print(type(num1)) #<class ‘int’>
# 2. Float (float) – decimal data
# 45.8, -99.9, 0.0, 678.123456678
num1=30.0
print(type(num1)) #<class ‘float’>
# 3. complex [square root of -1]: 3+2j, -7j
num1=30j
print(type(num1)) #<class ‘complex’>
print(30j* 30j)
# 4. string (str) – text data
# strings are defined using ‘ or ” or ”’ or “””
word1 = ‘hello’
print(type(word1)) #<class ‘str’>
word1 = ‘5’
print(type(word1)) #<class ‘str’>
# 5. boolean (bool) – just 2 values: True and False
b1 = ‘True’
print(type(b1)) #<class ‘str’>
b1 = True
print(type(b1)) #<class ‘bool’>
### ####
print(“Hello”)
a = 45;print(a);print(‘a’)
##
# variables – can have alphabets, numbers and _
# variable name cant start with a number
cost_potato = 35
cost_tomato = 55
qty_potato = 37
total_cost_potato = cost_potato * qty_potato
print(“Cost of potato is Rs”,cost_potato,“/kg so for the”,
qty_potato,“kg cost would be Rs”,total_cost_potato)
# f – string (format string)
print(f”Cost of potato is Rs {cost_potato} /kg so for the “
f”{qty_potato} kg cost would be Rs {total_cost_potato}“)
print(“5 + 3”)
print(5 + 3)
print(“5 + 3 =”, 5 + 3, “and 6+2 is also”,6+2)
#below we defined a variable called num1 and assgined a value
num1=30
num1 = 90
# there are 5 basic types of data:
# 1. integer (int): -infinity to + infinity no decimal
# 45, -99, 0, 678
num1=30
# type() which gives the type of the data (datatype)
print(type(num1)) #<class ‘int’>
# 2. Float (float) – decimal data
# 45.8, -99.9, 0.0, 678.123456678
num1=30.0
print(type(num1)) #<class ‘float’>
# 3. complex [square root of -1]: 3+2j, -7j
num1=30j
print(type(num1)) #<class ‘complex’>
print(30j* 30j)
# 4. string (str) – text data
# strings are defined using ‘ or ” or ”’ or “””
word1 = ‘hello’
print(type(word1)) #<class ‘str’>
word1 = ‘5’
print(type(word1)) #<class ‘str’>
# 5. boolean (bool) – just 2 values: True and False
b1 = ‘True’
print(type(b1)) #<class ‘str’>
b1 = True
print(type(b1)) #<class ‘bool’>
### ####
print(“Hello”)
a = 45;print(a);print(‘a’)
##
# variables – can have alphabets, numbers and _
# variable name cant start with a number
cost_potato = 35
cost_tomato = 55
qty_potato = 37
total_cost_potato = cost_potato * qty_potato
print(“Cost of potato is Rs”,cost_potato,“/kg so for the”,
qty_potato,“kg cost would be Rs”,total_cost_potato)
# f – string (format string)
print(f”Cost of potato is Rs {cost_potato} /kg so for the “
f”{qty_potato} kg cost would be Rs {total_cost_potato}“)
# print()
# int, float, bool, complex, str
# f string
print(“Hello”)
print(“Hi”)
# escape sequence: \
print(“Hello \\hi”)
print(“\n will generate newline”)
print(“\t will give tab spaces”)
print(“\\n will generate newline”)
print(“\\t will generate tab space”)
# \\n is not generate newline
print(“\\\\n is not generate newline”)
# f string
q = 50
p = 25
t = q * p
print(f”The cost of each pen is {p} so for {q} quantities, the total cost will be {t}.”)
t = 200
q = 23
p = t / q
# how to format decimal places using f-string
print(f”The cost of each pen is {p:.2f} so for {q} quantities, the total cost will be {t}.”)
# format your string values
pos,country, name = “Batsman”,“India”, “Virat”
print(f”Player {name:<16} plays for {country:^16} as a {pos:>16} in the team”)
pos,country, name = “Wicket-keeper”,“South Africa”, “Mangabwabe”
print(f”Player {name:<16} plays for {country:^16} as a {pos:>16} in the team”)
### working with variables
# numeric operations available: Arithematic operations
n1, n2 = 10,5
print(n1 + n2)
print(n1 – n2)
print(n1 * n2)
print(n1 / n2)
print(n1 // n2) # integer division
print(31/4)
print(31//4)
print(n1 ** n2) #power of10 to 5
print(n1 % n2) # modulus – mod – remainder
print(31 % 4)
### relational operations
# comparators – comparison operators: > < <= >=, == , !=
# output is bool values
# 6 > 9 : is 6 greater than 9? False
n1,n2,n3 = 10,5, 10
print(n1 > n2) # T
print(n1 < n2) # F
print(n1 >= n2) # T
print(n1 <= n2) # F
print(n1 == n2) # F
print(n1 != n2) # T
print(“checking with n3….”)
print(n1 > n3) # F
print(n1 < n3) # F
print(n1 >= n3) # T
print(n1 <= n3) # T
print(n1 == n3) # T
print(n1 != n3) # F
# Assignment operation =
n1 = 10
print(n1) # value is 10
#logical operators: i/p and o/p both bool
#operators are: and or not
”’
Prediction: Rohit and Gill will open the batting
Actual: Rohit and Kishan opened the batting
Prediction ? False
Prediction: Rohit or Gill will open the batting
Actual: Rohit and Kishan opened the batting
Prediction ? True
AND:
T and T => True and rest everything is False
OR:
F or F => False and rest everything is True
NOT: Not True is false and Not false is true
”’
n1,n2,n3 = 10, 5, 10
print(n1 == n2 and n1 != n2 and n1 > n3 or n1 < n3 or n1 >= n3 and n1 <= n3 or
# int, float, bool, complex, str
# f string
print(“Hello”)
print(“Hi”)
# escape sequence: \
print(“Hello \\hi”)
print(“\n will generate newline”)
print(“\t will give tab spaces”)
print(“\\n will generate newline”)
print(“\\t will generate tab space”)
# \\n is not generate newline
print(“\\\\n is not generate newline”)
# f string
q = 50
p = 25
t = q * p
print(f”The cost of each pen is {p} so for {q} quantities, the total cost will be {t}.”)
t = 200
q = 23
p = t / q
# how to format decimal places using f-string
print(f”The cost of each pen is {p:.2f} so for {q} quantities, the total cost will be {t}.”)
# format your string values
pos,country, name = “Batsman”,“India”, “Virat”
print(f”Player {name:<16} plays for {country:^16} as a {pos:>16} in the team”)
pos,country, name = “Wicket-keeper”,“South Africa”, “Mangabwabe”
print(f”Player {name:<16} plays for {country:^16} as a {pos:>16} in the team”)
### working with variables
# numeric operations available: Arithematic operations
n1, n2 = 10,5
print(n1 + n2)
print(n1 – n2)
print(n1 * n2)
print(n1 / n2)
print(n1 // n2) # integer division
print(31/4)
print(31//4)
print(n1 ** n2) #power of10 to 5
print(n1 % n2) # modulus – mod – remainder
print(31 % 4)
### relational operations
# comparators – comparison operators: > < <= >=, == , !=
# output is bool values
# 6 > 9 : is 6 greater than 9? False
n1,n2,n3 = 10,5, 10
print(n1 > n2) # T
print(n1 < n2) # F
print(n1 >= n2) # T
print(n1 <= n2) # F
print(n1 == n2) # F
print(n1 != n2) # T
print(“checking with n3….”)
print(n1 > n3) # F
print(n1 < n3) # F
print(n1 >= n3) # T
print(n1 <= n3) # T
print(n1 == n3) # T
print(n1 != n3) # F
# Assignment operation =
n1 = 10
print(n1) # value is 10
#logical operators: i/p and o/p both bool
#operators are: and or not
”’
Prediction: Rohit and Gill will open the batting
Actual: Rohit and Kishan opened the batting
Prediction ? False
Prediction: Rohit or Gill will open the batting
Actual: Rohit and Kishan opened the batting
Prediction ? True
AND:
T and T => True and rest everything is False
OR:
F or F => False and rest everything is True
NOT: Not True is false and Not false is true
”’
n1,n2,n3 = 10, 5, 10
print(n1 == n2 and n1 != n2 and n1 > n3 or n1 < n3 or n1 >= n3 and n1 <= n3 or
n1 == n3 and n1 != n3)
# F and T and F or F or T and T or T and F
# F or F or T or F
# T
# BODMAS: AND take priority over OR
## converting one type to another:
# int() str() bool() complex() float()
n1 = 50
print(n1)
print(type(n1))
n2 = str(n1)
print(type(n2))
print(n2)
# input() – is to read the content from the user
# by default, input() will read as string value
val1 = input()
print(val1)
print(type(val1))
#WAP to add two numbers by taking input from the user
a = input(“Enter first number: “)
b = input(“Enter second number: “)
c = int(a) + int(b)
print(“Sum is “,c)
# WAP to read length and breadth of a rectangle from the user
# and display area and perimeter.
# F and T and F or F or T and T or T and F
# F or F or T or F
# T
# BODMAS: AND take priority over OR
## converting one type to another:
# int() str() bool() complex() float()
n1 = 50
print(n1)
print(type(n1))
n2 = str(n1)
print(type(n2))
print(n2)
# input() – is to read the content from the user
# by default, input() will read as string value
val1 = input()
print(val1)
print(type(val1))
#WAP to add two numbers by taking input from the user
a = input(“Enter first number: “)
b = input(“Enter second number: “)
c = int(a) + int(b)
print(“Sum is “,c)
# WAP to read length and breadth of a rectangle from the user
# and display area and perimeter.
len = int(input(“Enter length: “))
breadth = int(input(“Enter breadth: “))
area = len * breadth
peri = 2*(len + breadth)
print(f”Area = {area} and Perimeter = {peri}“)
breadth = int(input(“Enter breadth: “))
area = len * breadth
peri = 2*(len + breadth)
print(f”Area = {area} and Perimeter = {peri}“)
# calculate area and circunference of a circle
pi = 3.14
rad = float(input(“Enter the radius of the circle: “))
area = pi*(rad**2)
cir = 2*pi*rad
print(f”A circle with radius {rad:.1f} has an area of {area:.2f} and circunference of {cir:.2f}“)
#program to calculate total and average of marks obtained in 5 subjects
sub1 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 1: “))
sub2 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 2: “))
sub3 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 3: “))
sub4 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 4: “))
sub5 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 5: “))
total = sub1 + sub2 + sub3 + sub4 + sub5
avg = total / 5
print(“Total marks obtained is”,total,“with an average of”,avg)
# WAP to indicate number of each value of currency note you will pay
# based on the total demand
”’
Currency notes available: 500, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1
Total bill = 537
500 – 1
20 – 1
10 – 1
5 – 1
2 – 1
”’
five00, one00,fifty,twenty, ten,five,two,one = 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
total_amount= int(input(“Enter total bill amount = “))
five00 = total_amount // 500
total_amount = total_amount % 500
one00 = total_amount // 100
total_amount = total_amount % 100
fifty = total_amount // 50
total_amount = total_amount % 50
twenty = total_amount // 20
total_amount = total_amount % 20
ten = total_amount // 10
total_amount = total_amount % 10
five = total_amount // 5
total_amount = total_amount % 5
two = total_amount // 2
total_amount = total_amount % 2
one = total_amount
print(“Total currency that would be paid:”)
print(f”500s = {five00}, 100s = {one00}, 50s ={fifty},20s = {twenty}, “
f”10s = {ten},5s = {five},2s ={two},1s={one}“)
# Conditions: if command is used to check for the conditions
# if command is followed by condition (conditional operator) and if
# the condition result in true it will get into If block
num1 = 9
q = int(input(“Enter the quantity: “))
if q > 0:
print(“Quantity accepted”)
print(“Sales confirmed”)
print(“Thank You”)
#but lets say you want to have alternate condition, that means when
# its True then print True part and when its not then you want to
#print false part
if q > 0: #True then go to below
print(“Given Quantity accepted”)
else: # if condition is false then comes here
print(“Quantity rejected”)
##
pi = 3.14
rad = float(input(“Enter the radius of the circle: “))
area = pi*(rad**2)
cir = 2*pi*rad
print(f”A circle with radius {rad:.1f} has an area of {area:.2f} and circunference of {cir:.2f}“)
#program to calculate total and average of marks obtained in 5 subjects
sub1 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 1: “))
sub2 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 2: “))
sub3 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 3: “))
sub4 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 4: “))
sub5 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 5: “))
total = sub1 + sub2 + sub3 + sub4 + sub5
avg = total / 5
print(“Total marks obtained is”,total,“with an average of”,avg)
# WAP to indicate number of each value of currency note you will pay
# based on the total demand
”’
Currency notes available: 500, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1
Total bill = 537
500 – 1
20 – 1
10 – 1
5 – 1
2 – 1
”’
five00, one00,fifty,twenty, ten,five,two,one = 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
total_amount= int(input(“Enter total bill amount = “))
five00 = total_amount // 500
total_amount = total_amount % 500
one00 = total_amount // 100
total_amount = total_amount % 100
fifty = total_amount // 50
total_amount = total_amount % 50
twenty = total_amount // 20
total_amount = total_amount % 20
ten = total_amount // 10
total_amount = total_amount % 10
five = total_amount // 5
total_amount = total_amount % 5
two = total_amount // 2
total_amount = total_amount % 2
one = total_amount
print(“Total currency that would be paid:”)
print(f”500s = {five00}, 100s = {one00}, 50s ={fifty},20s = {twenty}, “
f”10s = {ten},5s = {five},2s ={two},1s={one}“)
# Conditions: if command is used to check for the conditions
# if command is followed by condition (conditional operator) and if
# the condition result in true it will get into If block
num1 = 9
q = int(input(“Enter the quantity: “))
if q > 0:
print(“Quantity accepted”)
print(“Sales confirmed”)
print(“Thank You”)
#but lets say you want to have alternate condition, that means when
# its True then print True part and when its not then you want to
#print false part
if q > 0: #True then go to below
print(“Given Quantity accepted”)
else: # if condition is false then comes here
print(“Quantity rejected”)
##
num = 0
if num>0:
print(“Number is positive”)
else:
print(“Number is not positive”)
# WAP to indicate number of each value of currency note you will pay
# based on the total demand
”’
Currency notes available: 500, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1
Total bill = 537
500 – 1
20 – 1
10 – 1
5 – 1
2 – 1
”’
five00, one00,fifty,twenty, ten,five,two,one = 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
total_amount= int(input(“Enter total bill amount = “))
five00 = total_amount // 500
total_amount = total_amount % 500
one00 = total_amount // 100
total_amount = total_amount % 100
fifty = total_amount // 50
total_amount = total_amount % 50
twenty = total_amount // 20
total_amount = total_amount % 20
ten = total_amount // 10
total_amount = total_amount % 10
five = total_amount // 5
total_amount = total_amount % 5
two = total_amount // 2
total_amount = total_amount % 2
one = total_amount
print(“Total currency that would be paid:”)
if five00>0:
print(f”500s = {five00}“)
if one00>0:
print(f”100s = {one00}“)
if fifty>0:
print(f”50s ={fifty}“)
if twenty>0:
print(f”20s = {twenty}“)
if ten>0:
print(f”10s = {ten}“)
if five>0:
print(f”5s = {five}“)
if two>0:
print(f”2s ={two}“)
if one>0:
print(f”1s={one}“)
#program to calculate total and average of marks obtained in 5 subjects
sub1 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 1: “))
sub2 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 2: “))
sub3 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 3: “))
sub4 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 4: “))
sub5 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 5: “))
total = sub1 + sub2 + sub3 + sub4 + sub5
avg = total / 5
print(“Total marks obtained is”,total,“with an average of”,avg)
# we need to check if the student has passed or failed
# avg > 50 – pass otherwise fail
if avg>=50:
print(“Student has passed”)
else:
print(“Student has failed”)
# check if a number is positive or negative or neither
num = int(input(“Enter the number: “))
if num > 0:
print(“Its positive”)
elif num < 0:
print(“Its negative”)
else:
print(“Its neither – its zero”)
#program to calculate total and average of marks obtained in 5 subjects
sub1 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 1: “))
sub2 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 2: “))
sub3 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 3: “))
sub4 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 4: “))
sub5 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 5: “))
total = sub1 + sub2 + sub3 + sub4 + sub5
avg = total / 5
print(“Total marks obtained is”,total,“with an average of”,avg)
# we need to check if the student has passed or failed
# avg > 50 – pass otherwise fail
if avg>=50:
print(“Student has passed”)
else:
print(“Student has failed”)
# Grading of the student:
”’
avg >= 90 : Grade A
avg >= 80 : Grade B
avg >= 70: Grade C
avg >= 60: Grade D
avg >= 50: Grade E
avg <50: Grade F
”’
if avg >= 90 :
print(“Grade A”)
elif avg >= 80 :
print(“Grade B”)
elif avg >= 70:
print(“Grade C”)
elif avg >= 60:
print(“Grade D”)
elif avg >= 50:
print(“Grade E”)
else:
print(“Grade F”)
# input a number and check if the number is odd or even
num = int(input(“Enter the number: “))
if num<0:
print(“Invalid number!”)
elif num%2==0:
print(“Even number”)
else:
print(“Odd Number”)
# input a number and check if the number is odd or even
# example of nested condition
num = int(input(“Enter the number: “))
if num>0:
if num%2==0:
print(“Even number”)
else:
print(“Odd Number”)
#program to calculate total and average of marks obtained in 5 subjects
sub1 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 1: “))
sub2 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 2: “))
sub3 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 3: “))
sub4 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 4: “))
sub5 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 5: “))
total = sub1 + sub2 + sub3 + sub4 + sub5
avg = total / 5
print(“Total marks obtained is”,total,“with an average of”,avg)
# we need to check if the student has passed or failed
# avg > 50 – pass otherwise fail
# and also assign Grades
if avg>=50:
print(“Student has passed”)
if avg >= 90:
print(“Grade A”)
if avg>95:
print(“You win President’s Medal”)
if avg >98:
print(“You win State Governor’s Award!”)
elif avg >= 80:
print(“Grade B”)
elif avg >= 70:
print(“Grade C”)
elif avg >= 60:
print(“Grade D”)
else:
print(“Grade E”)
else:
print(“Student has failed”)
print(“Grade F”)
########## ###########
## LOOPS
########## ###########
# Loops : repeatition
# hello 10 times
# for loop: used when we know how many times to repeat
# while loop: used when we know when to repeat and when not to
# range() works with if
# range(=start, <end, =step): start = 5, end =11, step=2:
# 5, 7, 9,
# range(=start, <end): step default = 1
# range(5,11): 5,6,7,8,9,10
# range(<end): step default = 1, start default = 0
# range(5): 0,1,2,3,4
for i in range(5,11,2):
print(i,“hello 1”)
for i in range(5,10):
print(i,“hello 2”)
for i in range(5):
print(i,“hello”)
if num>0:
print(“Number is positive”)
else:
print(“Number is not positive”)
# WAP to indicate number of each value of currency note you will pay
# based on the total demand
”’
Currency notes available: 500, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1
Total bill = 537
500 – 1
20 – 1
10 – 1
5 – 1
2 – 1
”’
five00, one00,fifty,twenty, ten,five,two,one = 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
total_amount= int(input(“Enter total bill amount = “))
five00 = total_amount // 500
total_amount = total_amount % 500
one00 = total_amount // 100
total_amount = total_amount % 100
fifty = total_amount // 50
total_amount = total_amount % 50
twenty = total_amount // 20
total_amount = total_amount % 20
ten = total_amount // 10
total_amount = total_amount % 10
five = total_amount // 5
total_amount = total_amount % 5
two = total_amount // 2
total_amount = total_amount % 2
one = total_amount
print(“Total currency that would be paid:”)
if five00>0:
print(f”500s = {five00}“)
if one00>0:
print(f”100s = {one00}“)
if fifty>0:
print(f”50s ={fifty}“)
if twenty>0:
print(f”20s = {twenty}“)
if ten>0:
print(f”10s = {ten}“)
if five>0:
print(f”5s = {five}“)
if two>0:
print(f”2s ={two}“)
if one>0:
print(f”1s={one}“)
#program to calculate total and average of marks obtained in 5 subjects
sub1 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 1: “))
sub2 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 2: “))
sub3 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 3: “))
sub4 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 4: “))
sub5 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 5: “))
total = sub1 + sub2 + sub3 + sub4 + sub5
avg = total / 5
print(“Total marks obtained is”,total,“with an average of”,avg)
# we need to check if the student has passed or failed
# avg > 50 – pass otherwise fail
if avg>=50:
print(“Student has passed”)
else:
print(“Student has failed”)
# check if a number is positive or negative or neither
num = int(input(“Enter the number: “))
if num > 0:
print(“Its positive”)
elif num < 0:
print(“Its negative”)
else:
print(“Its neither – its zero”)
#program to calculate total and average of marks obtained in 5 subjects
sub1 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 1: “))
sub2 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 2: “))
sub3 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 3: “))
sub4 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 4: “))
sub5 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 5: “))
total = sub1 + sub2 + sub3 + sub4 + sub5
avg = total / 5
print(“Total marks obtained is”,total,“with an average of”,avg)
# we need to check if the student has passed or failed
# avg > 50 – pass otherwise fail
if avg>=50:
print(“Student has passed”)
else:
print(“Student has failed”)
# Grading of the student:
”’
avg >= 90 : Grade A
avg >= 80 : Grade B
avg >= 70: Grade C
avg >= 60: Grade D
avg >= 50: Grade E
avg <50: Grade F
”’
if avg >= 90 :
print(“Grade A”)
elif avg >= 80 :
print(“Grade B”)
elif avg >= 70:
print(“Grade C”)
elif avg >= 60:
print(“Grade D”)
elif avg >= 50:
print(“Grade E”)
else:
print(“Grade F”)
# input a number and check if the number is odd or even
num = int(input(“Enter the number: “))
if num<0:
print(“Invalid number!”)
elif num%2==0:
print(“Even number”)
else:
print(“Odd Number”)
# input a number and check if the number is odd or even
# example of nested condition
num = int(input(“Enter the number: “))
if num>0:
if num%2==0:
print(“Even number”)
else:
print(“Odd Number”)
#program to calculate total and average of marks obtained in 5 subjects
sub1 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 1: “))
sub2 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 2: “))
sub3 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 3: “))
sub4 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 4: “))
sub5 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 5: “))
total = sub1 + sub2 + sub3 + sub4 + sub5
avg = total / 5
print(“Total marks obtained is”,total,“with an average of”,avg)
# we need to check if the student has passed or failed
# avg > 50 – pass otherwise fail
# and also assign Grades
if avg>=50:
print(“Student has passed”)
if avg >= 90:
print(“Grade A”)
if avg>95:
print(“You win President’s Medal”)
if avg >98:
print(“You win State Governor’s Award!”)
elif avg >= 80:
print(“Grade B”)
elif avg >= 70:
print(“Grade C”)
elif avg >= 60:
print(“Grade D”)
else:
print(“Grade E”)
else:
print(“Student has failed”)
print(“Grade F”)
########## ###########
## LOOPS
########## ###########
# Loops : repeatition
# hello 10 times
# for loop: used when we know how many times to repeat
# while loop: used when we know when to repeat and when not to
# range() works with if
# range(=start, <end, =step): start = 5, end =11, step=2:
# 5, 7, 9,
# range(=start, <end): step default = 1
# range(5,11): 5,6,7,8,9,10
# range(<end): step default = 1, start default = 0
# range(5): 0,1,2,3,4
for i in range(5,11,2):
print(i,“hello 1”)
for i in range(5,10):
print(i,“hello 2”)
for i in range(5):
print(i,“hello”)
# Loops – repeatitive tasks
# for loop and while loop
# generate numbers from 1 to 20
for i in range(1,21):
print(i,end=“, “)
print()
# generate first 10 odd numbers
for i in range(10):
print(i*2+1,end=“, “)
print()
# generate even numbers between 10 and 20
for i in range(10,21,2):
print(i,end=“, “)
print()
#multiplication table of 8 upto 10 multiples
num = 8
for i in range(1,11):
print(f”{num} * {i} = {num*i}“)
#multiplication table of 1 to 10 upto 10 multiples
for num in range(1,11):
for i in range(1,11):
print(f”{num} * {i} = {i*num}“)
#multiplication table of 1 to 10 upto 10 multiples
# print them side by side
”’
1×1=1 2×1=2 … 10×1=10
1×2=2 2×2=2
…
1×10=10
”’
for num in range(1,11):
for i in range(1,11):
print(f”{i} * {num} = {num*i}“,end=“\t“)
print()
print(“Thank you”)
######### #######
## More examples of For Loop
####### #######
for i in range(5):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
print(“\n#print square pattern of stars”)
num = 5
for j in range(num):
for i in range(num):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
print(“\n#right angled triangle pattern”)
num = 5
for j in range(num): #tracking rows
for i in range(j+1): #column
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
print(“\n#inverted right angled triangle pattern”)
num = 5
for j in range(num): #tracking rows
for i in range(num-j): #column
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
print(“\n#Isoceles triangle pattern”)
”’
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
”’
num = 5
for j in range(num): #tracking rows
for i in range(j): #column
print(” “,end=“”)
for k in range(num-j): #column
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
print(“\nASSIGNMENT: Inverted Isoceles triangle pattern”)
”’
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
”’
# Write your code here
# Calcualte total of 5 subjects marks
total = 0
for i in range(5):
m1 = int(input(“Marks in subject “+ str(i+1)+ “: “))
total += m1 #total = total + m1
print(total)
# for loop and while loop
# generate numbers from 1 to 20
for i in range(1,21):
print(i,end=“, “)
print()
# generate first 10 odd numbers
for i in range(10):
print(i*2+1,end=“, “)
print()
# generate even numbers between 10 and 20
for i in range(10,21,2):
print(i,end=“, “)
print()
#multiplication table of 8 upto 10 multiples
num = 8
for i in range(1,11):
print(f”{num} * {i} = {num*i}“)
#multiplication table of 1 to 10 upto 10 multiples
for num in range(1,11):
for i in range(1,11):
print(f”{num} * {i} = {i*num}“)
#multiplication table of 1 to 10 upto 10 multiples
# print them side by side
”’
1×1=1 2×1=2 … 10×1=10
1×2=2 2×2=2
…
1×10=10
”’
for num in range(1,11):
for i in range(1,11):
print(f”{i} * {num} = {num*i}“,end=“\t“)
print()
print(“Thank you”)
######### #######
## More examples of For Loop
####### #######
for i in range(5):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
print(“\n#print square pattern of stars”)
num = 5
for j in range(num):
for i in range(num):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
print(“\n#right angled triangle pattern”)
num = 5
for j in range(num): #tracking rows
for i in range(j+1): #column
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
print(“\n#inverted right angled triangle pattern”)
num = 5
for j in range(num): #tracking rows
for i in range(num-j): #column
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
print(“\n#Isoceles triangle pattern”)
”’
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
”’
num = 5
for j in range(num): #tracking rows
for i in range(j): #column
print(” “,end=“”)
for k in range(num-j): #column
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
print(“\nASSIGNMENT: Inverted Isoceles triangle pattern”)
”’
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
”’
# Write your code here
# Calcualte total of 5 subjects marks
total = 0
for i in range(5):
m1 = int(input(“Marks in subject “+ str(i+1)+ “: “))
total += m1 #total = total + m1
print(total)
# Loops – While loop: we know the condition when to start/stop
# generate numbers from 1 to 20
i=1
while i<21:
print(i,end=“, “)
i=i+1
print()
# generate first 10 odd numbers
i = 0
while i <10:
print(i*2+1,end=“, “)
i+=1
print()
# generate even numbers between 10 and 20
i=10
while i<21:
print(i,end=“, “)
i+=2
print()
## ## ##
# Calcualte total of 5 subjects marks for given number of students
cont = 1
while cont ==1:
total = 0
for i in range(5):
m1 = int(input(“Marks in subject “+ str(i+1)+ “: “))
total += m1 #total = total + m1
print(total)
inp = input(“Do you want to add more students (y for yes/anyother key to stop):”)
if inp!=“y”:
cont = 0
## rewriting above program
while True:
total = 0
for i in range(5):
m1 = int(input(“Marks in subject “+ str(i+1)+ “: “))
total += m1 #total = total + m1
print(total)
inp = input(“Do you want to add more students (y for yes/anyother key to stop):”)
if inp!=“y”:
break
”’
break: it will throw you out of the loop
”’
”’
Create a set of Menu options for a Library
”’
while True:
print(“Menu:”)
print(“1. Add books to the library”)
print(“2. Remove books from the library”)
print(“3. Issue the book to the member”)
print(“4. Take the book from the member”)
print(“5. Quit”)
choice = input(“Enter your option:”)
if choice==“1”:
print(“Adding books to the library”)
elif choice==“2”:
print(“Removing books from the library”)
elif choice==“3”:
print(“Issuing the book to the member”)
elif choice==“4”:
print(“Taking the book from the member”)
elif choice==“5”:
break
else:
print(“Invalid option! try again…”)
”’
Based on this program, create a Menu option for performing basic
arithematic operations like + – * / // ** %
”’
# generate numbers from 1 to 20
i=1
while i<21:
print(i,end=“, “)
i=i+1
print()
# generate first 10 odd numbers
i = 0
while i <10:
print(i*2+1,end=“, “)
i+=1
print()
# generate even numbers between 10 and 20
i=10
while i<21:
print(i,end=“, “)
i+=2
print()
## ## ##
# Calcualte total of 5 subjects marks for given number of students
cont = 1
while cont ==1:
total = 0
for i in range(5):
m1 = int(input(“Marks in subject “+ str(i+1)+ “: “))
total += m1 #total = total + m1
print(total)
inp = input(“Do you want to add more students (y for yes/anyother key to stop):”)
if inp!=“y”:
cont = 0
## rewriting above program
while True:
total = 0
for i in range(5):
m1 = int(input(“Marks in subject “+ str(i+1)+ “: “))
total += m1 #total = total + m1
print(total)
inp = input(“Do you want to add more students (y for yes/anyother key to stop):”)
if inp!=“y”:
break
”’
break: it will throw you out of the loop
”’
”’
Create a set of Menu options for a Library
”’
while True:
print(“Menu:”)
print(“1. Add books to the library”)
print(“2. Remove books from the library”)
print(“3. Issue the book to the member”)
print(“4. Take the book from the member”)
print(“5. Quit”)
choice = input(“Enter your option:”)
if choice==“1”:
print(“Adding books to the library”)
elif choice==“2”:
print(“Removing books from the library”)
elif choice==“3”:
print(“Issuing the book to the member”)
elif choice==“4”:
print(“Taking the book from the member”)
elif choice==“5”:
break
else:
print(“Invalid option! try again…”)
”’
Based on this program, create a Menu option for performing basic
arithematic operations like + – * / // ** %
”’
”’
Develop a guessing number Game
”’
import random
num1 = random.randint(1,100)
attempts = 0
while True:
guess = int(input(“Guess the number (1-100): “))
if guess >100 or guess < 1:
print(“INVALID NUMBER!”)
continue
attempts+=1
if num1 ==guess:
print(f”Good job! You guessed it correctly in {attempts} attempts.”)
break
elif num1 < guess:
print(“Sorry! Try guessing lower number”)
else:
print(“Sorry! Try guessing higher number”)
# # # # # #
”’
Develop a guessing number Game
”’
import random
num1 = random.randint(1,100)
attempts = 0
low,high = 1,100
while True:
#lets make computer guess the number
guess = random.randint(low,high)
if guess >100 or guess < 1:
print(“INVALID NUMBER!”)
continue
attempts+=1
if num1 ==guess:
print(f”Good job! You guessed {guess} correctly in {attempts} attempts.”)
break
elif num1 < guess:
print(f”Sorry! Try guessing lower number than {guess}“)
high=guess – 1
else:
print(f”Sorry! Try guessing higher number than {guess}“)
low= guess + 1
# # # #
# # # # #
# LIST
# # # # #
l1 = [25,45.9,“1”,[29,41]]
print(“Data type of L1 : “,type(l1))
print(“Number of values in L1 : “,len(l1))
print(“Values in the list = “,l1)
l2 = [“Hello”,“How”,“Are”,“You”]
l3 = l1 + l2
print(“L3 = “,l3)
print(“Multiply = “,l2 * 3)
# Indexing
#indexing starts with 0,
print(“4th value from the list: “,l3[3])
l5 = l3[3]
print(l5[1])
print(l3[3][1])
print(“last member of the list = “,l3[len(l3)-1])
print(“last member of the list = “,l3[-1])
print(“first member of the list = “,l3[0])
print(“first member of the list = “,l3[-len(l3)])
print(“First 3 members of the list: “,l3[0:3])
print(“First 3 members of the list: “,l3[:3])
print(“Last 3 members of the list: “,l3[:])
Develop a guessing number Game
”’
import random
num1 = random.randint(1,100)
attempts = 0
while True:
guess = int(input(“Guess the number (1-100): “))
if guess >100 or guess < 1:
print(“INVALID NUMBER!”)
continue
attempts+=1
if num1 ==guess:
print(f”Good job! You guessed it correctly in {attempts} attempts.”)
break
elif num1 < guess:
print(“Sorry! Try guessing lower number”)
else:
print(“Sorry! Try guessing higher number”)
# # # # # #
”’
Develop a guessing number Game
”’
import random
num1 = random.randint(1,100)
attempts = 0
low,high = 1,100
while True:
#lets make computer guess the number
guess = random.randint(low,high)
if guess >100 or guess < 1:
print(“INVALID NUMBER!”)
continue
attempts+=1
if num1 ==guess:
print(f”Good job! You guessed {guess} correctly in {attempts} attempts.”)
break
elif num1 < guess:
print(f”Sorry! Try guessing lower number than {guess}“)
high=guess – 1
else:
print(f”Sorry! Try guessing higher number than {guess}“)
low= guess + 1
# # # #
# # # # #
# LIST
# # # # #
l1 = [25,45.9,“1”,[29,41]]
print(“Data type of L1 : “,type(l1))
print(“Number of values in L1 : “,len(l1))
print(“Values in the list = “,l1)
l2 = [“Hello”,“How”,“Are”,“You”]
l3 = l1 + l2
print(“L3 = “,l3)
print(“Multiply = “,l2 * 3)
# Indexing
#indexing starts with 0,
print(“4th value from the list: “,l3[3])
l5 = l3[3]
print(l5[1])
print(l3[3][1])
print(“last member of the list = “,l3[len(l3)-1])
print(“last member of the list = “,l3[-1])
print(“first member of the list = “,l3[0])
print(“first member of the list = “,l3[-len(l3)])
print(“First 3 members of the list: “,l3[0:3])
print(“First 3 members of the list: “,l3[:3])
print(“Last 3 members of the list: “,l3[:])
”’
List – linear ordered mutable collection
”’
l1 = [5,15,25,35]
l1[1] = 20 #mutable
print(l1)
print(l1[1:3])
print(l1[:]) #left of : blank -0 index, blank on right indicate – last index
print(“Last 2 members of L1=”,l1[2:4], “or”,l1[2:],“or”,l1[-2:])
var1 = ‘hello’
print(var1[1])
# strings are immutable
#var1[1]=”E” – TypeError: ‘str’ object does not support item assignment
l1 = [100]
print(type(l1))
l1.append(10) # to add members to the list – it will add at the end
l1.append(20)
l1.append(30)
#insert() – also adds but it needs the position
l1.insert(40,1)
l1.insert(1,50)
l1.insert(1,20)
l1.insert(1,20)
print(l1)
#remove(value_to_be_removed) , pop(index_to_be_deleted)
# remove all 20s
#first count the # of 20
num_20 = l1.count(20)
for i in range(num_20):
l1.remove(20)
print(l1)
l1.pop(1)
print(l1)
l1.append(100)
# check if 100 is in the list
count_100 = l1.count(100)
if count_100 >0:
print(“100 is in the list and at position”,l1.index(100))
print(“100 is in the list and at position”, l1.index(100,1,7))
else:
print(“100 is not in the list”)
## write a program to read marks of 5 subjects
# and store the values and display total and avg
marks=[]
for i in range(5):
m = int(input(“Enter marks: “))
marks.append(m)
print(“Total marks = “,sum(marks),“and avg=”,sum(marks)/5)
l2 = [1,2,3,4,5,6,2,3,4]
l2.reverse()
print(“Reverse: “,l2)
l2.sort() #sort in increasing order
print(“Sort: “,l2)
l2.sort(reverse=True) #sorting in decreasing order
print(l2)
####
print(“======= ========”)
l3 = l2 #deep copy – two names of same list
l4 = l2.copy() #shallow copy – photocopy
print(“L2 = “,l2)
print(“L3 = “,l3)
print(“L4 = “,l4)
l2.append(77)
l3.append(88)
l4.append(99)
print(“L2 = “,l2)
print(“L3 = “,l3)
print(“L4 = “,l4)
print(“======= ========”)
l2.clear() # delete all the members from the list
print(“After clear: “,l2)
”’
Stack – First In Last Out:
Assignment – Implement Stack concept using List:
use: while True to create a menu with 4 options:
1. Add to the stack
2. Remove to the stack
3. Print the values from the stack
4. Quit
Start with an empty list and perform addition/deletion
to the list based on user selection
”’
List – linear ordered mutable collection
”’
l1 = [5,15,25,35]
l1[1] = 20 #mutable
print(l1)
print(l1[1:3])
print(l1[:]) #left of : blank -0 index, blank on right indicate – last index
print(“Last 2 members of L1=”,l1[2:4], “or”,l1[2:],“or”,l1[-2:])
var1 = ‘hello’
print(var1[1])
# strings are immutable
#var1[1]=”E” – TypeError: ‘str’ object does not support item assignment
l1 = [100]
print(type(l1))
l1.append(10) # to add members to the list – it will add at the end
l1.append(20)
l1.append(30)
#insert() – also adds but it needs the position
l1.insert(40,1)
l1.insert(1,50)
l1.insert(1,20)
l1.insert(1,20)
print(l1)
#remove(value_to_be_removed) , pop(index_to_be_deleted)
# remove all 20s
#first count the # of 20
num_20 = l1.count(20)
for i in range(num_20):
l1.remove(20)
print(l1)
l1.pop(1)
print(l1)
l1.append(100)
# check if 100 is in the list
count_100 = l1.count(100)
if count_100 >0:
print(“100 is in the list and at position”,l1.index(100))
print(“100 is in the list and at position”, l1.index(100,1,7))
else:
print(“100 is not in the list”)
## write a program to read marks of 5 subjects
# and store the values and display total and avg
marks=[]
for i in range(5):
m = int(input(“Enter marks: “))
marks.append(m)
print(“Total marks = “,sum(marks),“and avg=”,sum(marks)/5)
l2 = [1,2,3,4,5,6,2,3,4]
l2.reverse()
print(“Reverse: “,l2)
l2.sort() #sort in increasing order
print(“Sort: “,l2)
l2.sort(reverse=True) #sorting in decreasing order
print(l2)
####
print(“======= ========”)
l3 = l2 #deep copy – two names of same list
l4 = l2.copy() #shallow copy – photocopy
print(“L2 = “,l2)
print(“L3 = “,l3)
print(“L4 = “,l4)
l2.append(77)
l3.append(88)
l4.append(99)
print(“L2 = “,l2)
print(“L3 = “,l3)
print(“L4 = “,l4)
print(“======= ========”)
l2.clear() # delete all the members from the list
print(“After clear: “,l2)
”’
Stack – First In Last Out:
Assignment – Implement Stack concept using List:
use: while True to create a menu with 4 options:
1. Add to the stack
2. Remove to the stack
3. Print the values from the stack
4. Quit
Start with an empty list and perform addition/deletion
to the list based on user selection
”’
# TUPLE
val1 = (1, “hello”, [3, 4, 5]) # packing
print(“Data type = “, type(val1))
# immutable
l1 = [2, 3, 4]
l1[1] = 33
print(“L1 = “, l1)
# val1[1]=”There” TypeError: ‘tuple’ object does not support item assignment
# so tuples are immutable
# indexing – reading values from tuple is exactly like list
for t in val1:
print(t)
# unpacking:
v1, v2, v3 = val1
print(v1, v2, v3)
print(“Number of values in tuple=”, len(val1))
val2 = (39, 68)
val3 = (14, 98, 254, 658)
if val2 > val3:
print(“Val2 is greater”)
else:
print(“Val3 is greater”)
# converting tuple to list
val1 = list(val1)
val1 = tuple(val1)
#STRINGS
# handling text data
str1 = “HELLO”
str2 = ‘Hi there’
str3 = ”’Hello how are you?
Are doing well?
See you soon”’
str4 = “””I am fine
I am doing well
hope you are doing great too”””
print(str3)
# indexing is very similar to list and tuple
print(str1[0],str1[-1],str1[:])
print(str1+” “+str2)
print(str1*3)
# strings are also (like tuple) immutable
# you cant edit the existing string value
#str1[0]=”Z” TypeError: ‘str’ object does not support item assignment
str1 = “Z”+str1[1:]
print(“New Value = “,str1)
# you can use str in for loop just like List or Tuple
for s in str1:
print(s)
#methods in str class
str1 = “heLLO how aRE YOU?”
# case related – convering to a specific case
print(str1.lower())
print(str1.upper())
print(str1.title())
#checking the existing str value
str1 = “heLLO how aRE YOU?”
str2= “helohowru”
print(str1.isalpha())
print(str2.isalpha())
print(str1.isspace())
print(str2.islower())
print(str2.isalnum())
val1 = (1, “hello”, [3, 4, 5]) # packing
print(“Data type = “, type(val1))
# immutable
l1 = [2, 3, 4]
l1[1] = 33
print(“L1 = “, l1)
# val1[1]=”There” TypeError: ‘tuple’ object does not support item assignment
# so tuples are immutable
# indexing – reading values from tuple is exactly like list
for t in val1:
print(t)
# unpacking:
v1, v2, v3 = val1
print(v1, v2, v3)
print(“Number of values in tuple=”, len(val1))
val2 = (39, 68)
val3 = (14, 98, 254, 658)
if val2 > val3:
print(“Val2 is greater”)
else:
print(“Val3 is greater”)
# converting tuple to list
val1 = list(val1)
val1 = tuple(val1)
#STRINGS
# handling text data
str1 = “HELLO”
str2 = ‘Hi there’
str3 = ”’Hello how are you?
Are doing well?
See you soon”’
str4 = “””I am fine
I am doing well
hope you are doing great too”””
print(str3)
# indexing is very similar to list and tuple
print(str1[0],str1[-1],str1[:])
print(str1+” “+str2)
print(str1*3)
# strings are also (like tuple) immutable
# you cant edit the existing string value
#str1[0]=”Z” TypeError: ‘str’ object does not support item assignment
str1 = “Z”+str1[1:]
print(“New Value = “,str1)
# you can use str in for loop just like List or Tuple
for s in str1:
print(s)
#methods in str class
str1 = “heLLO how aRE YOU?”
# case related – convering to a specific case
print(str1.lower())
print(str1.upper())
print(str1.title())
#checking the existing str value
str1 = “heLLO how aRE YOU?”
str2= “helohowru”
print(str1.isalpha())
print(str2.isalpha())
print(str1.isspace())
print(str2.islower())
print(str2.isalnum())
JUNE 2023 Data Science Course
THIS IS THE 4th and the last part of the complete Data Science with Python course started 3 months ago!!
”’
NLP – Natural Language Processing – analysing review comment to understand
reasons for positive and negative ratings.
concepts like: unigram, bigram, trigram
Steps we generally perform with NLP data:
1. Convert into lowercase
2. decompose (non unicode to unicode)
3. removing accent: encode the content to ascii values
4. tokenization: will break sentence to words
5. Stop words: not important words for analysis
6. Lemmetization (done only on English words): convert the words into dictionary words
7. N-grams: set of one word (unigram), two words (bigram), three words (trigrams)
8. Plot the graph based on the number of occurrences and Evaluate
”’
”’
cardboard mousepad. Going worth price! Not bad
”’
link=“D:/datasets/OnlineRetail/order_reviews.csv”
import pandas as pd
import unicodedata
import nltk
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
df = pd.read_csv(link)
print(list(df.columns))
”’
[‘review_id’, ‘order_id’, ‘review_score’, ‘review_comment_title’,
‘review_comment_message’, ‘review_creation_date’, ‘review_answer_timestamp’]
”’
#df[‘review_creation_date’] = pd.to_datetime(df[‘review_creation_date’])
#df[‘review_answer_timestamp’] = pd.to_datetime(df[‘review_answer_timestamp’])
# data preprocessing – making data ready for analysis
reviews_df = df[df[‘review_comment_message’].notnull()].copy()
#print(reviews_df)
# remove accents
def remove_accent(text):
return unicodedata.normalize(‘NFKD’,text).encode(‘ascii’,errors=‘ignore’).decode(‘utf-8’)
#STOP WORDS LIST:
STOP_WORDS = set(remove_accent(w) for w in nltk.corpus.stopwords.words(‘portuguese’))
”’
Write a function to perform basic preprocessing steps
”’
def basic_preprocessing(text):
#converting to lower case
txt_pp = text.lower()
#print(txt_pp)
#remove the accent
#txt_pp = unicodedata.normalize(‘NFKD’,txt_pp).encode(‘ascii’,errors=’ignore’).decode(‘utf-8’)
txt_pp =remove_accent(txt_pp)
#print(txt_pp)
#tokenize
txt_token = nltk.tokenize.word_tokenize(txt_pp)
#print(txt_token)
# removing stop words
txt_token = tuple(w for w in txt_token if w not in STOP_WORDS and w.isalpha())
return txt_token
## write a function to creaet unigram, bigram, trigram
def create_ngrams(words):
unigrams,bigrams,trigrams = [],[],[]
for comment in words:
unigrams.extend(comment)
bigrams.extend(‘ ‘.join(bigram) for bigram in nltk.bigrams(comment))
trigrams.extend(‘ ‘.join(trigram) for trigram in nltk.trigrams(comment))
return unigrams, bigrams, trigrams
# applying basic preprocessing:
reviews_df[‘review_comment_words’] = \
reviews_df[‘review_comment_message’].apply(basic_preprocessing)
#get positive reviews – all 5 ratings in review_score
reviews_5 = reviews_df[reviews_df[‘review_score’]==5]
#get negative reviews – all 1 ratings
reviews_1 = reviews_df[reviews_df[‘review_score’]==1]
#create ngrams for rating 5 and rating 1
uni_5, bi_5, tri_5 = create_ngrams(reviews_5[‘review_comment_words’])
print(uni_5)
print(bi_5)
print(tri_5)
# Assignment: perform similar tasks for reviews that are negative (review score = 1)
#uni_1, bi_1, tri_1 = create_ngrams(reviews_1[‘review_comment_words’])
#print(uni_5)
# distribution plot
def plot_dist(words, color):
nltk.FreqDist(words).plot(20,cumulative=False, color=color)
plot_dist(tri_5, “red”)
NLP – Natural Language Processing – analysing review comment to understand
reasons for positive and negative ratings.
concepts like: unigram, bigram, trigram
Steps we generally perform with NLP data:
1. Convert into lowercase
2. decompose (non unicode to unicode)
3. removing accent: encode the content to ascii values
4. tokenization: will break sentence to words
5. Stop words: not important words for analysis
6. Lemmetization (done only on English words): convert the words into dictionary words
7. N-grams: set of one word (unigram), two words (bigram), three words (trigrams)
8. Plot the graph based on the number of occurrences and Evaluate
”’
”’
cardboard mousepad. Going worth price! Not bad
”’
link=“D:/datasets/OnlineRetail/order_reviews.csv”
import pandas as pd
import unicodedata
import nltk
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
df = pd.read_csv(link)
print(list(df.columns))
”’
[‘review_id’, ‘order_id’, ‘review_score’, ‘review_comment_title’,
‘review_comment_message’, ‘review_creation_date’, ‘review_answer_timestamp’]
”’
#df[‘review_creation_date’] = pd.to_datetime(df[‘review_creation_date’])
#df[‘review_answer_timestamp’] = pd.to_datetime(df[‘review_answer_timestamp’])
# data preprocessing – making data ready for analysis
reviews_df = df[df[‘review_comment_message’].notnull()].copy()
#print(reviews_df)
# remove accents
def remove_accent(text):
return unicodedata.normalize(‘NFKD’,text).encode(‘ascii’,errors=‘ignore’).decode(‘utf-8’)
#STOP WORDS LIST:
STOP_WORDS = set(remove_accent(w) for w in nltk.corpus.stopwords.words(‘portuguese’))
”’
Write a function to perform basic preprocessing steps
”’
def basic_preprocessing(text):
#converting to lower case
txt_pp = text.lower()
#print(txt_pp)
#remove the accent
#txt_pp = unicodedata.normalize(‘NFKD’,txt_pp).encode(‘ascii’,errors=’ignore’).decode(‘utf-8’)
txt_pp =remove_accent(txt_pp)
#print(txt_pp)
#tokenize
txt_token = nltk.tokenize.word_tokenize(txt_pp)
#print(txt_token)
# removing stop words
txt_token = tuple(w for w in txt_token if w not in STOP_WORDS and w.isalpha())
return txt_token
## write a function to creaet unigram, bigram, trigram
def create_ngrams(words):
unigrams,bigrams,trigrams = [],[],[]
for comment in words:
unigrams.extend(comment)
bigrams.extend(‘ ‘.join(bigram) for bigram in nltk.bigrams(comment))
trigrams.extend(‘ ‘.join(trigram) for trigram in nltk.trigrams(comment))
return unigrams, bigrams, trigrams
# applying basic preprocessing:
reviews_df[‘review_comment_words’] = \
reviews_df[‘review_comment_message’].apply(basic_preprocessing)
#get positive reviews – all 5 ratings in review_score
reviews_5 = reviews_df[reviews_df[‘review_score’]==5]
#get negative reviews – all 1 ratings
reviews_1 = reviews_df[reviews_df[‘review_score’]==1]
#create ngrams for rating 5 and rating 1
uni_5, bi_5, tri_5 = create_ngrams(reviews_5[‘review_comment_words’])
print(uni_5)
print(bi_5)
print(tri_5)
# Assignment: perform similar tasks for reviews that are negative (review score = 1)
#uni_1, bi_1, tri_1 = create_ngrams(reviews_1[‘review_comment_words’])
#print(uni_5)
# distribution plot
def plot_dist(words, color):
nltk.FreqDist(words).plot(20,cumulative=False, color=color)
plot_dist(tri_5, “red”)
#NLP – Natural Language processing:
# sentiments: Positive, Neutral, Negative
#
”’
we will use nltk library for NLP:
pip install nltk
”’
import nltk
#1. Convert into lowercase
text = “Product is great but
I amn’t liking the colors as they are worst”
text = text.lower()
”’
2. Tokenize the content: break it into words or sentences
”’
text1 = text.split()
#using nltk
from nltk.tokenize import
sent_tokenize,word_tokenize
text = word_tokenize(text)
#print(“Text =\n”,text)
#print(“Text =\n”,text1)
”’
3. Removing Stop words: Words which are not significant
for your analysis. E.g. an, a, the, is, are
”’
my_stopwords = [‘is’,‘i’,‘the’]
text1 = text
for w in text1:
if w in my_stopwords:
text.remove(w)
print(“Text
after my stopwords:”,text1)
nltk.download(“stopwords”)
from nltk.corpus import
stopwords
nltk_eng_stopwords = set(stopwords.words(“english”))
#print(“NLTK list of stop words in English:
“,nltk_eng_stopwords)
”’
Just for example: we see the word but in the STOP WORDS but
we want to include it, then we need to remove the word from the set
”’
# removing but from the NLTK stop words
nltk_eng_stopwords.remove(‘but’)
for w in text:
if w in nltk_eng_stopwords:
text.remove(w)
print(“Text
after NLTK stopwords:”,text)
”’
4. Stemming: changing the word to its root
eg: {help: [help, helped, helping, helper]}
One of the method is Porter stemmer
”’
from nltk.stem import
PorterStemmer
stemmer = PorterStemmer()
text = [stemmer.stem(w) for w in text]
”’ above line is like below:
t_list=[]
for w in text:
a = stemmer.stem(w)
t_list.append(a)
”’
print(“Text
after Stemming:”,text)
”’
5. Part of Speech Tagging (POS Tagging)
grammatical word which deals with the roles they place
like – 8 parts of speeches – noun, verb, …
Reference: https://www.educba.com/nltk-pos-tag/
POS Tagging will give Tags like
CC: It is the conjunction of coordinating
CD: It is a digit of cardinal
DT: It is the determiner
EX: Existential
FW: It is a foreign word
IN: Preposition and conjunction
JJ: Adjective
JJR and JJS: Adjective and superlative
LS: List marker
MD: Modal
NN: Singular noun
NNS, NNP, NNPS: Proper and plural noun
PDT: Predeterminer
WRB: Adverb of wh
WP$: Possessive wh
WP: Pronoun of wh
WDT: Determiner of wp
VBZ: Verb
VBP, VBN, VBG, VBD, VB: Forms of verbs
UH: Interjection
TO: To go
RP: Particle
RBS, RB, RBR: Adverb
PRP, PRP$: Pronoun personal and professional
But to perform this, we need to download any one tagger:
e.g. averaged_perceptron_tagger
nltk.download(‘averaged_perceptron_tagger’)
”’
nltk.download(‘averaged_perceptron_tagger’)
import nltk
from nltk.tag import
DefaultTagger
py_tag = DefaultTagger (‘NN’)
tag_eg1 = py_tag.tag ([‘Example’, ‘tag’])
print(tag_eg1)
#txt = “Example of nltk pos tag list”
#txt = [‘product’, ‘great’, ‘but’, “not”, ‘like’, ‘color’]
#txt = word_tokenize(txt)
#txt = [‘Example’,’of’,’nltk’,’pos’,’tag’,’list’]
pos_txt = nltk.pos_tag(text)
print(“POS
Tagging:”, pos_txt)
”’
6. Lemmetising
takes a word to its core meaning
We need to download: wordnet
”’
nltk.download(‘wordnet’)
from nltk.stem import
WordNetLemmatizer
lemmatizer = WordNetLemmatizer()
print(“Very
good = “,lemmatizer.lemmatize(“very good”))
print(“Halves
= “,lemmatizer.lemmatize(“halves”))
text = “Product is great but I amn’t liking the colors
as they are worst”
text = word_tokenize(text)
text = [lemmatizer.lemmatize(w) for w in text]
print(“Text
after Lemmatizer: “,text)
# Sentiment analysis – read the sentiments of each sentence
”’
If you need more data for your analysis, this is a good source:
https://github.com/pycaret/pycaret/tree/master/datasets
We will use Amazon.csv for this program
”’
import pandas as pd
from nltk.corpus import stopwords
from nltk.tokenize import word_tokenize
from nltk.stem import WordNetLemmatizer
from nltk.sentiment.vader import SentimentIntensityAnalyzer
link = “https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pycaret/pycaret/master/datasets/amazon.csv”
df = pd.read_csv(link)
print(df)
#Let’s create a function to perform all the preprocessing steps
# of a nlp analysis
def preprocess_nlp(text):
#tokenise
#print(“0”)
text = text.lower() #lowercase
#print(“1”)
text = word_tokenize(text) #tokenize
#print(“2”)
text = [w for w in text if w not in stopwords.words(“english”)]
#lemmatize
#print(“3”)
lemm = WordNetLemmatizer()
#print(“4”)
text = [lemm.lemmatize(w) for w in text]
#print(“5”)
# now join all the words as we are predicting on each line of text
text_out = ‘ ‘.join(text)
#print(“6”)
return text_out
# import Resource vader_lexicon
import nltk
nltk.download(‘vader_lexicon’)
df[‘reviewText’] = df[‘reviewText’].apply(preprocess_nlp)
print(df)
# NLTK Sentiment Analyzer
# we will now define a function get_sentiment() which will return
# 1 for positive and 0 for non-positive
analyzer = SentimentIntensityAnalyzer()
def get_sentiment(text):
score = analyzer.polarity_scores(text)
sentiment = 1 if score[‘pos’] > 0 else 0
return sentiment
df[‘sentiment’] = df[‘reviewText’].apply(get_sentiment)
print(“Dataframe after analyzing the sentiments: \n“,df)
#confusion matrix
from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix
print(“Confusion matrix:\n“,confusion_matrix(df[‘Positive’],df[‘sentiment’]))
”’ RESULT
Confusion matrix:
[[ 1131 3636]
[ 576 14657]]
Accuracy: (1131 + 14657) / (1131 + 14657 + 576 + 3636) = 15788/20000 = 78.94%
”’
”’
If you need more data for your analysis, this is a good source:
https://github.com/pycaret/pycaret/tree/master/datasets
We will use Amazon.csv for this program
”’
import pandas as pd
from nltk.corpus import stopwords
from nltk.tokenize import word_tokenize
from nltk.stem import WordNetLemmatizer
from nltk.sentiment.vader import SentimentIntensityAnalyzer
link = “https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pycaret/pycaret/master/datasets/amazon.csv”
df = pd.read_csv(link)
print(df)
#Let’s create a function to perform all the preprocessing steps
# of a nlp analysis
def preprocess_nlp(text):
#tokenise
#print(“0”)
text = text.lower() #lowercase
#print(“1”)
text = word_tokenize(text) #tokenize
#print(“2”)
text = [w for w in text if w not in stopwords.words(“english”)]
#lemmatize
#print(“3”)
lemm = WordNetLemmatizer()
#print(“4”)
text = [lemm.lemmatize(w) for w in text]
#print(“5”)
# now join all the words as we are predicting on each line of text
text_out = ‘ ‘.join(text)
#print(“6”)
return text_out
# import Resource vader_lexicon
import nltk
nltk.download(‘vader_lexicon’)
df[‘reviewText’] = df[‘reviewText’].apply(preprocess_nlp)
print(df)
# NLTK Sentiment Analyzer
# we will now define a function get_sentiment() which will return
# 1 for positive and 0 for non-positive
analyzer = SentimentIntensityAnalyzer()
def get_sentiment(text):
score = analyzer.polarity_scores(text)
sentiment = 1 if score[‘pos’] > 0 else 0
return sentiment
df[‘sentiment’] = df[‘reviewText’].apply(get_sentiment)
print(“Dataframe after analyzing the sentiments: \n“,df)
#confusion matrix
from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix
print(“Confusion matrix:\n“,confusion_matrix(df[‘Positive’],df[‘sentiment’]))
”’ RESULT
Confusion matrix:
[[ 1131 3636]
[ 576 14657]]
Accuracy: (1131 + 14657) / (1131 + 14657 + 576 + 3636) = 15788/20000 = 78.94%
”’
# Visualization
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
data = np.random.randn(1000)
plt.hist(data, bins=30, histtype=‘stepfilled’, color=“red”)
plt.title(“Histogram Display”)
plt.xlabel(“Marks”)
plt.ylabel(“Number of Students”)
plt.show()
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
data = np.random.randn(1000)
plt.hist(data, bins=30, histtype=‘stepfilled’, color=“red”)
plt.title(“Histogram Display”)
plt.xlabel(“Marks”)
plt.ylabel(“Number of Students”)
plt.show()
# Analyzing Hotel Bookings data
# https://github.com/swapnilsaurav/Dataset/blob/master/hotel_bookings.csv
link=“https://raw.githubusercontent.com/swapnilsaurav/Dataset/master/hotel_bookings.csv”
import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv(link)
#print(“Shape of the data: “,df.shape)
#print(“Data types of the columns:”,df.dtypes)
import numpy as np
df_numeric = df.select_dtypes(include=[np.number])
#print(df_numeric)
numeric_cols = df_numeric.columns.values
#print(“Numeric column names: “,numeric_cols)
df_nonnumeric = df.select_dtypes(exclude=[np.number])
#print(df_nonnumeric)
nonnumeric_cols = df_nonnumeric.columns.values
#print(“Non Numeric column names: “,nonnumeric_cols)
####
#preprocessing the data
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
colors = [“#091AEA”,“#EA5E09”]
cols = df.columns
sns.heatmap(df[cols].isnull(), cmap=sns.color_palette(colors))
plt.show()
cols_to_drop = []
for col in cols:
pct_miss = np.mean(df[col].isnull()) * 100
if pct_miss >80:
#print(f”{col} -> {pct_miss}”)
cols_to_drop.append(col) #column list to drop
# remove column since it has more than 80% missing value
df = df.drop(cols_to_drop, axis=1)
for col in df.columns:
pct_miss = np.mean(df[col].isnull()) * 100
if pct_miss >80:
print(f”{col} -> {pct_miss}“)
# check for rows to see the missing values
missing = df[col].isnull()
num_missing = np.sum(missing)
if num_missing >0:
df[f’{col}_ismissing’] = missing
print(f”Created Missing Indicator for {cols}“)
### keeping track of the missing values
ismissing_cols = [col for col in df.columns if ‘_ismissing’ in col]
df[‘num_missing’] = df[ismissing_cols].sum(axis=1)
print(df[‘num_missing’])
# drop rows with > 12 missing values
ind_missing = df[df[‘num_missing’] > 12].index
df = df.drop(ind_missing,axis=0) # ROWS DROPPED
#count for missing values
for col in df.columns:
pct_miss = np.mean(df[col].isnull()) * 100
if pct_miss >0:
print(f”{col} -> {pct_miss}“)
”’
Still we are left with following missing values:
children -> 2.0498257606219004
babies -> 11.311318858061922
meal -> 11.467129071170085
country -> 0.40879238707947996
deposit_type -> 8.232810615199035
agent -> 13.687005763302507
”’
# https://github.com/swapnilsaurav/Dataset/blob/master/hotel_bookings.csv
link=“https://raw.githubusercontent.com/swapnilsaurav/Dataset/master/hotel_bookings.csv”
import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv(link)
#print(“Shape of the data: “,df.shape)
#print(“Data types of the columns:”,df.dtypes)
import numpy as np
df_numeric = df.select_dtypes(include=[np.number])
#print(df_numeric)
numeric_cols = df_numeric.columns.values
#print(“Numeric column names: “,numeric_cols)
df_nonnumeric = df.select_dtypes(exclude=[np.number])
#print(df_nonnumeric)
nonnumeric_cols = df_nonnumeric.columns.values
#print(“Non Numeric column names: “,nonnumeric_cols)
####
#preprocessing the data
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
colors = [“#091AEA”,“#EA5E09”]
cols = df.columns
sns.heatmap(df[cols].isnull(), cmap=sns.color_palette(colors))
plt.show()
cols_to_drop = []
for col in cols:
pct_miss = np.mean(df[col].isnull()) * 100
if pct_miss >80:
#print(f”{col} -> {pct_miss}”)
cols_to_drop.append(col) #column list to drop
# remove column since it has more than 80% missing value
df = df.drop(cols_to_drop, axis=1)
for col in df.columns:
pct_miss = np.mean(df[col].isnull()) * 100
if pct_miss >80:
print(f”{col} -> {pct_miss}“)
# check for rows to see the missing values
missing = df[col].isnull()
num_missing = np.sum(missing)
if num_missing >0:
df[f’{col}_ismissing’] = missing
print(f”Created Missing Indicator for {cols}“)
### keeping track of the missing values
ismissing_cols = [col for col in df.columns if ‘_ismissing’ in col]
df[‘num_missing’] = df[ismissing_cols].sum(axis=1)
print(df[‘num_missing’])
# drop rows with > 12 missing values
ind_missing = df[df[‘num_missing’] > 12].index
df = df.drop(ind_missing,axis=0) # ROWS DROPPED
#count for missing values
for col in df.columns:
pct_miss = np.mean(df[col].isnull()) * 100
if pct_miss >0:
print(f”{col} -> {pct_miss}“)
”’
Still we are left with following missing values:
children -> 2.0498257606219004
babies -> 11.311318858061922
meal -> 11.467129071170085
country -> 0.40879238707947996
deposit_type -> 8.232810615199035
agent -> 13.687005763302507
”’
# Analyzing Hotel Bookings data
# https://github.com/swapnilsaurav/Dataset/blob/master/hotel_bookings.csv
link=“https://raw.githubusercontent.com/swapnilsaurav/Dataset/master/hotel_bookings.csv”
import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv(link)
#print(“Shape of the data: “,df.shape)
#print(“Data types of the columns:”,df.dtypes)
import numpy as np
df_numeric = df.select_dtypes(include=[np.number])
#print(df_numeric)
numeric_cols = df_numeric.columns.values
print(“Numeric column names: “,numeric_cols)
df_nonnumeric = df.select_dtypes(exclude=[np.number])
#print(df_nonnumeric)
nonnumeric_cols = df_nonnumeric.columns.values
print(“Non Numeric column names: “,nonnumeric_cols)
####
#preprocessing the data
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
colors = [“#091AEA”,“#EA5E09”]
cols = df.columns
sns.heatmap(df[cols].isnull(), cmap=sns.color_palette(colors))
plt.show()
cols_to_drop = []
for col in cols:
pct_miss = np.mean(df[col].isnull()) * 100
if pct_miss >80:
#print(f”{col} -> {pct_miss}”)
cols_to_drop.append(col) #column list to drop
# remove column since it has more than 80% missing value
df = df.drop(cols_to_drop, axis=1)
for col in df.columns:
pct_miss = np.mean(df[col].isnull()) * 100
if pct_miss >80:
print(f”{col} -> {pct_miss}“)
# check for rows to see the missing values
missing = df[col].isnull()
num_missing = np.sum(missing)
if num_missing >0:
df[f’{col}_ismissing’] = missing
#print(f”Created Missing Indicator for {cols}”)
### keeping track of the missing values
ismissing_cols = [col for col in df.columns if ‘_ismissing’ in col]
df[‘num_missing’] = df[ismissing_cols].sum(axis=1)
print(df[‘num_missing’])
# drop rows with > 12 missing values
ind_missing = df[df[‘num_missing’] > 12].index
df = df.drop(ind_missing,axis=0) # ROWS DROPPED
#count for missing values
for col in df.columns:
pct_miss = np.mean(df[col].isnull()) * 100
if pct_miss >0:
print(f”{col} -> {pct_miss}“)
”’
Still we are left with following missing values:
children -> 2.0498257606219004 # numeric
babies -> 11.311318858061922 #numeric
meal -> 11.467129071170085 # non-numeric
country -> 0.40879238707947996 # non-numeric
deposit_type -> 8.232810615199035 # non-numeric
agent -> 13.687005763302507 #numeric
”’
#HANDLING NUMERIC MISSING VALUES
df_numeric = df.select_dtypes(include=[np.number])
for col in df_numeric.columns.values:
pct_miss = np.mean(df[col].isnull()) * 100
if pct_miss > 0:
med = df[col].median()
df[col] = df[col].fillna(med)
#HANDLING non-NUMERIC MISSING VALUES
df_nonnumeric = df.select_dtypes(exclude=[np.number])
for col in df_nonnumeric.columns.values:
pct_miss = np.mean(df[col].isnull()) * 100
if pct_miss > 0:
mode = df[col].describe()[‘top’]
df[col] = df[col].fillna(mode)
print(“#count for missing values”)
for col in df.columns:
pct_miss = np.mean(df[col].isnull()) * 100
if pct_miss >0:
print(f”{col} -> {pct_miss}“)
#drop duplicate values
print(“Shape before dropping duplicates: “,df.shape)
df = df.drop(‘id’,axis=1).drop_duplicates()
print(“Shape after dropping duplicates: “,df.shape)
# https://github.com/swapnilsaurav/Dataset/blob/master/hotel_bookings.csv
link=“https://raw.githubusercontent.com/swapnilsaurav/Dataset/master/hotel_bookings.csv”
import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv(link)
#print(“Shape of the data: “,df.shape)
#print(“Data types of the columns:”,df.dtypes)
import numpy as np
df_numeric = df.select_dtypes(include=[np.number])
#print(df_numeric)
numeric_cols = df_numeric.columns.values
print(“Numeric column names: “,numeric_cols)
df_nonnumeric = df.select_dtypes(exclude=[np.number])
#print(df_nonnumeric)
nonnumeric_cols = df_nonnumeric.columns.values
print(“Non Numeric column names: “,nonnumeric_cols)
####
#preprocessing the data
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
colors = [“#091AEA”,“#EA5E09”]
cols = df.columns
sns.heatmap(df[cols].isnull(), cmap=sns.color_palette(colors))
plt.show()
cols_to_drop = []
for col in cols:
pct_miss = np.mean(df[col].isnull()) * 100
if pct_miss >80:
#print(f”{col} -> {pct_miss}”)
cols_to_drop.append(col) #column list to drop
# remove column since it has more than 80% missing value
df = df.drop(cols_to_drop, axis=1)
for col in df.columns:
pct_miss = np.mean(df[col].isnull()) * 100
if pct_miss >80:
print(f”{col} -> {pct_miss}“)
# check for rows to see the missing values
missing = df[col].isnull()
num_missing = np.sum(missing)
if num_missing >0:
df[f’{col}_ismissing’] = missing
#print(f”Created Missing Indicator for {cols}”)
### keeping track of the missing values
ismissing_cols = [col for col in df.columns if ‘_ismissing’ in col]
df[‘num_missing’] = df[ismissing_cols].sum(axis=1)
print(df[‘num_missing’])
# drop rows with > 12 missing values
ind_missing = df[df[‘num_missing’] > 12].index
df = df.drop(ind_missing,axis=0) # ROWS DROPPED
#count for missing values
for col in df.columns:
pct_miss = np.mean(df[col].isnull()) * 100
if pct_miss >0:
print(f”{col} -> {pct_miss}“)
”’
Still we are left with following missing values:
children -> 2.0498257606219004 # numeric
babies -> 11.311318858061922 #numeric
meal -> 11.467129071170085 # non-numeric
country -> 0.40879238707947996 # non-numeric
deposit_type -> 8.232810615199035 # non-numeric
agent -> 13.687005763302507 #numeric
”’
#HANDLING NUMERIC MISSING VALUES
df_numeric = df.select_dtypes(include=[np.number])
for col in df_numeric.columns.values:
pct_miss = np.mean(df[col].isnull()) * 100
if pct_miss > 0:
med = df[col].median()
df[col] = df[col].fillna(med)
#HANDLING non-NUMERIC MISSING VALUES
df_nonnumeric = df.select_dtypes(exclude=[np.number])
for col in df_nonnumeric.columns.values:
pct_miss = np.mean(df[col].isnull()) * 100
if pct_miss > 0:
mode = df[col].describe()[‘top’]
df[col] = df[col].fillna(mode)
print(“#count for missing values”)
for col in df.columns:
pct_miss = np.mean(df[col].isnull()) * 100
if pct_miss >0:
print(f”{col} -> {pct_miss}“)
#drop duplicate values
print(“Shape before dropping duplicates: “,df.shape)
df = df.drop(‘id’,axis=1).drop_duplicates()
print(“Shape after dropping duplicates: “,df.shape)
DAY 73: Power BI (Coming Soon)
DAY 74: Tableau (Coming soon)
Thats the end of the course - entire content in presented in 4 blog pages
Learn Python and Data Science – WkDay SEP 2023
This page is a live document and will be updated with content as we make progress
print(“skdjidsjgdfji”)
print(“5+3=”, 5+3)
num1 = 5
num2 = 3
print(num1 + num2)
num1 = 21
print(num1 – num2)
# print() –
print(“5+3=”,5+3,“and 6+4=”,6+4,end=” : “);
# every print() statement has an invisible newline \n
print( “5+5=”,5+5,“and 6+14=”,6+14);
print(“Twinkle Twinkle”, end=” ” ) # sample comment fgjdtjgdhjcghjgh
print(“Little star”)
# indentation is key!
#semicolon ; exist in Python but its not mandatory
print(“Hi there”); print(“How are you?”)
# syntax : grammer of human language
#variables – stores temporary values
var1 = 5
# create a variable by name var1 which currently has the value 5
var2 = 10
var1 = 20
print(var1 + var2)
#data which variables have
# data types- what kind of values a variable has
#basic data types: int (integer – no decimal part): -5, -2,0,5,999…
# type() gives the current data types
print(“Type of var1 = “,type(var1))
# datatype – float: with decimal types: -5.9, -3.8978888,0.0, 5.7
var3 = 20.5
print(“datatype(var3): “, type(var3))
# complex numbers – square root of minus numbers
# square root of -1 is i (in maths) – j (in Python)
# sq root of -16: 16 * -1 = 4j
var4 = 3+4j
print(“Data type of var4 = “,type(var4))
# (3+4j)*(3-4j) = 9 – (-16)= 9+16 = 25 + 0j
print((3+4j)*(3–4j))
# 3.2 + 2.8 =6.0
# 4th datatype – text type is called – str (string)
var5 = “hello” #string data will always be in quotes: ‘ or “
print(“datatype(var5) =”,type(var5))
# 5th data type = boolean (bool)
# bool = True or False only
var6 = False
print(“Data type of var6 =”,type(var6))
# var6 is an object of class bool – meaning var6 inherits all the
# properties of class bool
var7 = ‘FALSE’
# program is run successfully when exit code is 0
quantity = 17
price = 48
total_cost = quantity * price
print(“Cost of each pen is”,price,“so the total cost of”,quantity,“pens would be”,total_cost)
# format string
print(f”Cost of each pen is {price} so the total cost of {quantity} pens would be {total_cost}“)
”’
refer to lines 51 to 56, write below programs:
1. WAP to calulcate area and perimeter of a rectangle
2. WAP to calculate area and circunference of a circle
”’
var1 = 5
print(var1)
var1 = “Five”
print(var1)
print(“5+3=”, 5+3)
num1 = 5
num2 = 3
print(num1 + num2)
num1 = 21
print(num1 – num2)
# print() –
print(“5+3=”,5+3,“and 6+4=”,6+4,end=” : “);
# every print() statement has an invisible newline \n
print( “5+5=”,5+5,“and 6+14=”,6+14);
print(“Twinkle Twinkle”, end=” ” ) # sample comment fgjdtjgdhjcghjgh
print(“Little star”)
# indentation is key!
#semicolon ; exist in Python but its not mandatory
print(“Hi there”); print(“How are you?”)
# syntax : grammer of human language
#variables – stores temporary values
var1 = 5
# create a variable by name var1 which currently has the value 5
var2 = 10
var1 = 20
print(var1 + var2)
#data which variables have
# data types- what kind of values a variable has
#basic data types: int (integer – no decimal part): -5, -2,0,5,999…
# type() gives the current data types
print(“Type of var1 = “,type(var1))
# datatype – float: with decimal types: -5.9, -3.8978888,0.0, 5.7
var3 = 20.5
print(“datatype(var3): “, type(var3))
# complex numbers – square root of minus numbers
# square root of -1 is i (in maths) – j (in Python)
# sq root of -16: 16 * -1 = 4j
var4 = 3+4j
print(“Data type of var4 = “,type(var4))
# (3+4j)*(3-4j) = 9 – (-16)= 9+16 = 25 + 0j
print((3+4j)*(3–4j))
# 3.2 + 2.8 =6.0
# 4th datatype – text type is called – str (string)
var5 = “hello” #string data will always be in quotes: ‘ or “
print(“datatype(var5) =”,type(var5))
# 5th data type = boolean (bool)
# bool = True or False only
var6 = False
print(“Data type of var6 =”,type(var6))
# var6 is an object of class bool – meaning var6 inherits all the
# properties of class bool
var7 = ‘FALSE’
# program is run successfully when exit code is 0
quantity = 17
price = 48
total_cost = quantity * price
print(“Cost of each pen is”,price,“so the total cost of”,quantity,“pens would be”,total_cost)
# format string
print(f”Cost of each pen is {price} so the total cost of {quantity} pens would be {total_cost}“)
”’
refer to lines 51 to 56, write below programs:
1. WAP to calulcate area and perimeter of a rectangle
2. WAP to calculate area and circunference of a circle
”’
var1 = 5
print(var1)
var1 = “Five”
print(var1)
”’
#about variables
1. variable name should start with a text
2. variable name can have digits and _
”’
cost = 17
quantity = 5
price = cost * quantity
print(“The cost of each pen is”,cost,“so the total cost of”,quantity,“pens will be”,price)
# format string / f-string
print(f”The cost of each pen is {cost} so the total cost of {quantity} pens will be {price}“)
price = 100
quantity = 33
cost = price / quantity
print(“The cost of each pen is”,cost,“so the total cost of”,quantity,“pens will be”,price)
# format string / f-string
print(f”The cost of each pen is {cost:.1f} so the total cost of {quantity} pens will be {price}“)
player,country,position = “Kohli”,“India”,“Opener”
print(f”Player {player:<12} plays for the country {country:>10} and is {position:^15} for the team.”)
player,country,position = “Manbwange”,“Zimbabwe”,“Wicket-Keeper”
print(f”Player {player:<12} plays for the country {country:>10} and is {position:^15} for the team.”)
print(f”Player {player:.<12} plays for the country {country:>10} and is {position:X^15} for the team.”)
# input dynamic value from the user
a = input(“Enter a number: “)
print(“You have entered:”,a)
print(f”1. Data type of {a} is {type(a)}“)
b= 100 #assigning an integer
c=“100” #assigning a string
# input() since it cant predict what value is being entered,
# it assumes that all the input value is a string
a = input(“Enter a number: “)
a= int(a) #explicit conversion of data types
print(f”2. Data type of {a} is {type(a)}“)
# int(), float(), str(), bool(), complex()
## escape sequeence – \ works only for one character after it appears
## to add or remove super power
print(“We are talking about\nis for new line”)
print(“We are talking about\tis for new line”)
print(“We are talking about\\tis for new line”)
print(“We are talking about\\nis for new line”)
# \\n in python prints \n
print(“\\\\n in python prints \\n”)
#about variables
1. variable name should start with a text
2. variable name can have digits and _
”’
cost = 17
quantity = 5
price = cost * quantity
print(“The cost of each pen is”,cost,“so the total cost of”,quantity,“pens will be”,price)
# format string / f-string
print(f”The cost of each pen is {cost} so the total cost of {quantity} pens will be {price}“)
price = 100
quantity = 33
cost = price / quantity
print(“The cost of each pen is”,cost,“so the total cost of”,quantity,“pens will be”,price)
# format string / f-string
print(f”The cost of each pen is {cost:.1f} so the total cost of {quantity} pens will be {price}“)
player,country,position = “Kohli”,“India”,“Opener”
print(f”Player {player:<12} plays for the country {country:>10} and is {position:^15} for the team.”)
player,country,position = “Manbwange”,“Zimbabwe”,“Wicket-Keeper”
print(f”Player {player:<12} plays for the country {country:>10} and is {position:^15} for the team.”)
print(f”Player {player:.<12} plays for the country {country:>10} and is {position:X^15} for the team.”)
# input dynamic value from the user
a = input(“Enter a number: “)
print(“You have entered:”,a)
print(f”1. Data type of {a} is {type(a)}“)
b= 100 #assigning an integer
c=“100” #assigning a string
# input() since it cant predict what value is being entered,
# it assumes that all the input value is a string
a = input(“Enter a number: “)
a= int(a) #explicit conversion of data types
print(f”2. Data type of {a} is {type(a)}“)
# int(), float(), str(), bool(), complex()
## escape sequeence – \ works only for one character after it appears
## to add or remove super power
print(“We are talking about\nis for new line”)
print(“We are talking about\tis for new line”)
print(“We are talking about\\tis for new line”)
print(“We are talking about\\nis for new line”)
# \\n in python prints \n
print(“\\\\n in python prints \\n”)
# Different operators
# Arithematic operators
num1,num2 = 59,10
print(num1 + num2) #addition
print(num1 – num2) # subtraction
print(num1 * num2) # multiplication
print(num1 / num2) #division – 5.0
print(2 ** 3) #power
print(num1 // num2) #integer division
print(num1 % num2) # % mod – remainder
# comparison /relational operators
# > < >= <= ==(is it equal?) !=
#anything as input – output is always bool
num1,num2 = 59,10
print(“Greater”)
print(num1 > num2) #True
print(num1 >= num1) #True
print(num1 > num1) # False
print(“Smaller”)
print(num1 < num2) # False
print(num1 <= num2) # False
print(num1 < num1) # False
print(“Equal”)
print(num1 == num2) # False
print(num1 == num1) # True
print(num1 != num2) # True
print(num1 != num1) # False
# logical operators:
# operators: and or not
#input and output are all bool values
# prediction: Rahul and Rohit will open the batting
# actual: Rohit and Gill opened the batting
# and (*): True and True = True , rest all the 3 options are False
# or (+): False or False = False , rest all the 3 options are True
# prediction: Rahul or Rohit will open the batting
# actual: Rohit and Gill opened the batting
print(num1 > num2 or num1 >= num1 and num1 > num1 or num1 < num2 and num1 <= num2 or num1 < num1
and num1 == num2 or num1 == num1 and num1 != num2 or num1 != num1)
”’
True
”’
print(not True)
print(not False)
#### ####
”’
Condition and iterations
Conditions are handled using if
”’
avg = 39
# if avg >= 40 then say pass otherwise say fail
if avg >=40:
print(“You have passed!”)
if avg >=40:
print(“You have passed!”)
print(“PASSSSSSSSSSSSS”)
else:
print(“You have failed!”)
# Arithematic operators
num1,num2 = 59,10
print(num1 + num2) #addition
print(num1 – num2) # subtraction
print(num1 * num2) # multiplication
print(num1 / num2) #division – 5.0
print(2 ** 3) #power
print(num1 // num2) #integer division
print(num1 % num2) # % mod – remainder
# comparison /relational operators
# > < >= <= ==(is it equal?) !=
#anything as input – output is always bool
num1,num2 = 59,10
print(“Greater”)
print(num1 > num2) #True
print(num1 >= num1) #True
print(num1 > num1) # False
print(“Smaller”)
print(num1 < num2) # False
print(num1 <= num2) # False
print(num1 < num1) # False
print(“Equal”)
print(num1 == num2) # False
print(num1 == num1) # True
print(num1 != num2) # True
print(num1 != num1) # False
# logical operators:
# operators: and or not
#input and output are all bool values
# prediction: Rahul and Rohit will open the batting
# actual: Rohit and Gill opened the batting
# and (*): True and True = True , rest all the 3 options are False
# or (+): False or False = False , rest all the 3 options are True
# prediction: Rahul or Rohit will open the batting
# actual: Rohit and Gill opened the batting
print(num1 > num2 or num1 >= num1 and num1 > num1 or num1 < num2 and num1 <= num2 or num1 < num1
and num1 == num2 or num1 == num1 and num1 != num2 or num1 != num1)
”’
True
”’
print(not True)
print(not False)
#### ####
”’
Condition and iterations
Conditions are handled using if
”’
avg = 39
# if avg >= 40 then say pass otherwise say fail
if avg >=40:
print(“You have passed!”)
if avg >=40:
print(“You have passed!”)
print(“PASSSSSSSSSSSSS”)
else:
print(“You have failed!”)
# conditions in Python
# WAP to find sum, avg of 3 subjects marks and check if pass or fail
”’
Any program is made up of: 3 parts: input, process, output
”’
# 1. input marks in 3 subjects
m1 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 1: “))
m2 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 2: “))
m3 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 3: “))
#process: calculating total and avg
total = m1 + m2 + m3
avg = total /3
if avg >=40:
# output – when if condition becomes True
print(“You have passed”)
else: # when if is False
print(“You have failed”)
#WAP to check if a number is positive or not
num1 = int(input(“Enter a number: “))
if num1 >0:
print(f”{num1} is positive”)
elif num1 <0:
print(f”{num1} is negative”)
else:
print(f”{num1} is neither positive nor negative”)
#WAP to check if a number is odd or even
num1 = int(input(“Enter a number to check if its odd or even: “))
if num1>=0:
print(“Can be odd or even”)
if num1 % 2 == 0:
print(f”{num1} is an even number”)
else:
print(f”{num1} is an odd number”)
else:
print(“Negative numbers are not fit”)
”’
Assignment: input a number and check if its positive or negative.
If positive check if the number is divisible by 2 , 3, 7.
if its divisible by 7 then check if its even or odd.
If its odd check if its greater than 100 or not
”’
”’
Take average and check if pass or fail and
then assign grade based on:
A : avg > 85%
B : avg > 75%
C : avg > 60%
D: avg > 40%
E: avg < 40%
”’
# 1. input marks in 3 subjects
m1 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 1: “))
m2 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 2: “))
m3 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 3: “))
#process: calculating total and avg
total = m1 + m2 + m3
avg = total /3
if avg >=40:
# output – when if condition becomes True
print(“You have passed”)
if avg>=85:
print(“Grade: A”)
elif avg>=75:
print(“Grade: B”)
elif avg>=50:
print(“Grade: C”)
else:
print(“Grade: D”)
else: # when if is False
print(“You have failed”)
print(“Grade: E”)
”’
Loops – execute same block of code more than once
1. For loop: when you know exactly how many times to run the loop
2. While loop: when you dont know exactly how many times
but you know a perticular condition till when to run
”’
# working of range(): generates range of values
”’
range(start,end,increment): range() takes 3 values. Start indicates
the starting value of the series. End indicates last but one value(upto end,
end is not included). increment will increase the start value
range(3,12,3) – 3,6,9
range(start,end): increment is default 1
range(3,8): 3,4,5,6,7
range(end): default start is 0 and increment is 1
range(5): 0,1,2,3,4
”’
for i in range(3,12,3):
print(“Hello and the value of i is”,i)
for i in range(3,8):
print(“Hello there and the value of i is”,i)
for i in range(5):
print(“Hello and the value of i is”,i)
# WAP to find sum, avg of 3 subjects marks and check if pass or fail
”’
Any program is made up of: 3 parts: input, process, output
”’
# 1. input marks in 3 subjects
m1 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 1: “))
m2 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 2: “))
m3 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 3: “))
#process: calculating total and avg
total = m1 + m2 + m3
avg = total /3
if avg >=40:
# output – when if condition becomes True
print(“You have passed”)
else: # when if is False
print(“You have failed”)
#WAP to check if a number is positive or not
num1 = int(input(“Enter a number: “))
if num1 >0:
print(f”{num1} is positive”)
elif num1 <0:
print(f”{num1} is negative”)
else:
print(f”{num1} is neither positive nor negative”)
#WAP to check if a number is odd or even
num1 = int(input(“Enter a number to check if its odd or even: “))
if num1>=0:
print(“Can be odd or even”)
if num1 % 2 == 0:
print(f”{num1} is an even number”)
else:
print(f”{num1} is an odd number”)
else:
print(“Negative numbers are not fit”)
”’
Assignment: input a number and check if its positive or negative.
If positive check if the number is divisible by 2 , 3, 7.
if its divisible by 7 then check if its even or odd.
If its odd check if its greater than 100 or not
”’
”’
Take average and check if pass or fail and
then assign grade based on:
A : avg > 85%
B : avg > 75%
C : avg > 60%
D: avg > 40%
E: avg < 40%
”’
# 1. input marks in 3 subjects
m1 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 1: “))
m2 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 2: “))
m3 = int(input(“Enter the marks in subject 3: “))
#process: calculating total and avg
total = m1 + m2 + m3
avg = total /3
if avg >=40:
# output – when if condition becomes True
print(“You have passed”)
if avg>=85:
print(“Grade: A”)
elif avg>=75:
print(“Grade: B”)
elif avg>=50:
print(“Grade: C”)
else:
print(“Grade: D”)
else: # when if is False
print(“You have failed”)
print(“Grade: E”)
”’
Loops – execute same block of code more than once
1. For loop: when you know exactly how many times to run the loop
2. While loop: when you dont know exactly how many times
but you know a perticular condition till when to run
”’
# working of range(): generates range of values
”’
range(start,end,increment): range() takes 3 values. Start indicates
the starting value of the series. End indicates last but one value(upto end,
end is not included). increment will increase the start value
range(3,12,3) – 3,6,9
range(start,end): increment is default 1
range(3,8): 3,4,5,6,7
range(end): default start is 0 and increment is 1
range(5): 0,1,2,3,4
”’
for i in range(3,12,3):
print(“Hello and the value of i is”,i)
for i in range(3,8):
print(“Hello there and the value of i is”,i)
for i in range(5):
print(“Hello and the value of i is”,i)
#while will have always have condition, as long as the condition
# is true, while loop will repeat
count = 0
while count < 5:
print(“HELLO”)
count=count+1
ch=“y”
while ch==“y”:
print(“Do you want to continue?”)
ch=input(“Enter y to continue or any other key to stop: “)
# for loop example using range
for i in range(5):
print(“*”,end=” “)
# is true, while loop will repeat
count = 0
while count < 5:
print(“HELLO”)
count=count+1
ch=“y”
while ch==“y”:
print(“Do you want to continue?”)
ch=input(“Enter y to continue or any other key to stop: “)
# for loop example using range
for i in range(5):
print(“*”,end=” “)
”’
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
”’
for j in range(5):
for i in range(5):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
”’
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
”’
for j in range(5):
for i in range(j+1):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
”’
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
”’
for j in range(5):
for i in range(5-j):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
”’
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
”’
for j in range(5):
for k in range(5-j-1):
print(” “,end=“”)
for i in range(j+1):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
”’
Assignment:
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
”’
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
”’
for j in range(5):
for i in range(5):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
”’
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
”’
for j in range(5):
for i in range(j+1):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
”’
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
”’
for j in range(5):
for i in range(5-j):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
”’
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
”’
for j in range(5):
for k in range(5-j-1):
print(” “,end=“”)
for i in range(j+1):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
”’
Assignment:
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
”’
# While loop in Python
”’
Write a program to keep checking if a number is odd or
even until user enters a negative number
”’
num1 = int(input(“Enter the number: “))
while num1 >=0:
if num1%2 ==0:
print(“Its even!”)
else:
print(“Its odd!”)
num1 = int(input(“Enter the number: “))
cont = “y”
while cont ==“y”:
num1 = int(input(“Enter first number: “))
num2 = int(input(“Enter second number: “))
print(“Menu:”)
print(“1. Addition”)
print(“2. Subtraction”)
print(“3. Multiplication”)
print(“4. Division”)
print(“5. Quit”)
op = input(“Enter the option from above menu (1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5): “)
if op==“1”:
print(“Sum of the given two numbers are: “,num1 + num2)
elif op==“2”:
print(“Difference of the given two numbers are: “,num1 – num2)
elif op==“3”:
print(“Product of the given two numbers are: “,num1 * num2)
elif op==“4”:
print(“Ratio of the given two numbers are: “,num1 / num2)
elif op==“5”:
cont = “n”
else:
print(“You have not given a valid option, start from beginning!”)
”’
Assignment: Modify the above program so that user is asked to enter numbers
only when they choose options 1 to 4.
”’
while True:
num1 = int(input(“Enter first number: “))
num2 = int(input(“Enter second number: “))
print(“Menu:”)
print(“1. Addition”)
print(“2. Subtraction”)
print(“3. Multiplication”)
print(“4. Division”)
print(“5. Quit”)
op = input(“Enter the option from above menu (1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5): “)
if op==“1”:
print(“Sum of the given two numbers are: “,num1 + num2)
elif op==“2”:
print(“Difference of the given two numbers are: “,num1 – num2)
elif op==“3”:
print(“Product of the given two numbers are: “,num1 * num2)
elif op==“4”:
print(“Ratio of the given two numbers are: “,num1 / num2)
elif op==“5”:
break
else:
print(“You have not given a valid option, start from beginning!”)
# checking the condition: Entry check & Exit check
”’
WAP to generate Fibonacci series numbers:
0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13….
1. first 5 numbers of the series
2. till user wants
”’
print(“Fibonacci numbers are (using For loop):”)
n = 10
f,s=0,1
for i in range(n):
if i<2:
print(i,end=” , “)
else:
t = s+f # 0,1,
print(t, end=” , “)
f=s
s=t
print(“\nFibonacci numbers are (using While loop):”)
print(“Enter any key to stop: “)
f,s=0,1
counter = 1
while True:
if counter ==1:
print(f, end=” , “)
elif counter ==2:
print(s, end=” , “)
else:
t = s+f
print(t, end=” , “)
f=s
s=t
counter += 1 #counter=counter + 1
cont = input()
if len(cont)>0:
break
##
”’
Develop guessing number game:
Computer (giving the number) v Human (Guessing the number)
”’
import random
#random is a module which has functions related to random number generation
num = random.randint(1,100)
attempts = 0
while True:
guess = int(input(“Enter the number to guess (1-100): “))
if guess <1 or guess >100:
print(“Invalid guess!”)
continue
attempts+=1 #attempts= attempts+1
if guess == num:
print(f”Congratulations! You have guessed it correctly in {attempts} attempts!”)
break
elif guess < num:
print(“Try to guess a higher number!”)
else:
print(“Try to guess a lower number!”)
”’
Develop guessing number game:
Human (giving the number) v Computer (Guessing the number)
”’
import random
#random is a module which has functions related to random number generation
num = 55
attempts = 0
low,high = 1,100
while True:
#guess = int(input(“Enter the number to guess (1-100): “))
guess = random.randint(low,high)
if guess <1 or guess >100:
print(“Invalid guess!”)
continue
attempts+=1 #attempts= attempts+1
if guess == num:
print(f”Congratulations! You have guessed it correctly in {attempts} attempts!”)
break
elif guess < num:
print(f”Try to guess a higher number than {guess}!”)
low = guess+1
else:
print(f”Try to guess a lower number than {guess}!”)
high=guess-1
”’
Develop guessing number game:
Computer (giving the number) v Computer (Guessing the number)
”’
import random
#random is a module which has functions related to random number generation
num = random.randint(1,100)
attempts = 0
low,high = 1,100
while True:
#guess = int(input(“Enter the number to guess (1-100): “))
guess = random.randint(low,high)
if guess <1 or guess >100:
print(“Invalid guess!”)
continue
attempts+=1 #attempts= attempts+1
if guess == num:
print(f”Congratulations! You have guessed it correctly in {attempts} attempts!”)
break
elif guess < num:
print(f”Try to guess a higher number than {guess}!”)
low = guess+1
else:
print(f”Try to guess a lower number than {guess}!”)
high=guess-1
”’
Write a program to keep checking if a number is odd or
even until user enters a negative number
”’
num1 = int(input(“Enter the number: “))
while num1 >=0:
if num1%2 ==0:
print(“Its even!”)
else:
print(“Its odd!”)
num1 = int(input(“Enter the number: “))
cont = “y”
while cont ==“y”:
num1 = int(input(“Enter first number: “))
num2 = int(input(“Enter second number: “))
print(“Menu:”)
print(“1. Addition”)
print(“2. Subtraction”)
print(“3. Multiplication”)
print(“4. Division”)
print(“5. Quit”)
op = input(“Enter the option from above menu (1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5): “)
if op==“1”:
print(“Sum of the given two numbers are: “,num1 + num2)
elif op==“2”:
print(“Difference of the given two numbers are: “,num1 – num2)
elif op==“3”:
print(“Product of the given two numbers are: “,num1 * num2)
elif op==“4”:
print(“Ratio of the given two numbers are: “,num1 / num2)
elif op==“5”:
cont = “n”
else:
print(“You have not given a valid option, start from beginning!”)
”’
Assignment: Modify the above program so that user is asked to enter numbers
only when they choose options 1 to 4.
”’
while True:
num1 = int(input(“Enter first number: “))
num2 = int(input(“Enter second number: “))
print(“Menu:”)
print(“1. Addition”)
print(“2. Subtraction”)
print(“3. Multiplication”)
print(“4. Division”)
print(“5. Quit”)
op = input(“Enter the option from above menu (1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5): “)
if op==“1”:
print(“Sum of the given two numbers are: “,num1 + num2)
elif op==“2”:
print(“Difference of the given two numbers are: “,num1 – num2)
elif op==“3”:
print(“Product of the given two numbers are: “,num1 * num2)
elif op==“4”:
print(“Ratio of the given two numbers are: “,num1 / num2)
elif op==“5”:
break
else:
print(“You have not given a valid option, start from beginning!”)
# checking the condition: Entry check & Exit check
”’
WAP to generate Fibonacci series numbers:
0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13….
1. first 5 numbers of the series
2. till user wants
”’
print(“Fibonacci numbers are (using For loop):”)
n = 10
f,s=0,1
for i in range(n):
if i<2:
print(i,end=” , “)
else:
t = s+f # 0,1,
print(t, end=” , “)
f=s
s=t
print(“\nFibonacci numbers are (using While loop):”)
print(“Enter any key to stop: “)
f,s=0,1
counter = 1
while True:
if counter ==1:
print(f, end=” , “)
elif counter ==2:
print(s, end=” , “)
else:
t = s+f
print(t, end=” , “)
f=s
s=t
counter += 1 #counter=counter + 1
cont = input()
if len(cont)>0:
break
##
”’
Develop guessing number game:
Computer (giving the number) v Human (Guessing the number)
”’
import random
#random is a module which has functions related to random number generation
num = random.randint(1,100)
attempts = 0
while True:
guess = int(input(“Enter the number to guess (1-100): “))
if guess <1 or guess >100:
print(“Invalid guess!”)
continue
attempts+=1 #attempts= attempts+1
if guess == num:
print(f”Congratulations! You have guessed it correctly in {attempts} attempts!”)
break
elif guess < num:
print(“Try to guess a higher number!”)
else:
print(“Try to guess a lower number!”)
”’
Develop guessing number game:
Human (giving the number) v Computer (Guessing the number)
”’
import random
#random is a module which has functions related to random number generation
num = 55
attempts = 0
low,high = 1,100
while True:
#guess = int(input(“Enter the number to guess (1-100): “))
guess = random.randint(low,high)
if guess <1 or guess >100:
print(“Invalid guess!”)
continue
attempts+=1 #attempts= attempts+1
if guess == num:
print(f”Congratulations! You have guessed it correctly in {attempts} attempts!”)
break
elif guess < num:
print(f”Try to guess a higher number than {guess}!”)
low = guess+1
else:
print(f”Try to guess a lower number than {guess}!”)
high=guess-1
”’
Develop guessing number game:
Computer (giving the number) v Computer (Guessing the number)
”’
import random
#random is a module which has functions related to random number generation
num = random.randint(1,100)
attempts = 0
low,high = 1,100
while True:
#guess = int(input(“Enter the number to guess (1-100): “))
guess = random.randint(low,high)
if guess <1 or guess >100:
print(“Invalid guess!”)
continue
attempts+=1 #attempts= attempts+1
if guess == num:
print(f”Congratulations! You have guessed it correctly in {attempts} attempts!”)
break
elif guess < num:
print(f”Try to guess a higher number than {guess}!”)
low = guess+1
else:
print(f”Try to guess a lower number than {guess}!”)
high=guess-1
# Strings – used for handling text data
str1 = ‘HELLO’ \
‘i’
str2 = “How are you”
str3 = ”’I am fine
I am doing alright
I am super”’
str4 = “””I am here
I am there
I am everywhere”””
print(str1, str2, str3, str4)
print(type(str1),type(str2),type(str3),type(str4))
str5 = “How are”
str6 = “You?”
print(str5 +” “+ str6)
print(“Hello ” + str(5))
print(“HELLO ” * 5)
#for loop
for i in str6:
print(“running the loop: “,i)
# indexing
str7 = “I am fine here how are you there”
print(“Length: “,len(str7))
# position of each character starts from 0
print(str7)
print(“First character of str7 = “,str7[0])
print(“Second character of str7 = “,str7[1])
print(“Last character of str7 = “,str7[ len(str7) – 1 ])
print(“Last character of str7 = “,str7[ – 1 ])
print(“Second last character of str7 = “,str7[ – 2 ])
print(“6th to 9th characters: “,str7[5:9])
str1 = ‘HELLO’ \
‘i’
str2 = “How are you”
str3 = ”’I am fine
I am doing alright
I am super”’
str4 = “””I am here
I am there
I am everywhere”””
print(str1, str2, str3, str4)
print(type(str1),type(str2),type(str3),type(str4))
str5 = “How are”
str6 = “You?”
print(str5 +” “+ str6)
print(“Hello ” + str(5))
print(“HELLO ” * 5)
#for loop
for i in str6:
print(“running the loop: “,i)
# indexing
str7 = “I am fine here how are you there”
print(“Length: “,len(str7))
# position of each character starts from 0
print(str7)
print(“First character of str7 = “,str7[0])
print(“Second character of str7 = “,str7[1])
print(“Last character of str7 = “,str7[ len(str7) – 1 ])
print(“Last character of str7 = “,str7[ – 1 ])
print(“Second last character of str7 = “,str7[ – 2 ])
print(“6th to 9th characters: “,str7[5:9])
# Strings
str1 = “I am fine”
# first 3
print(str1[0:3])
#last 3
print(str1[-3:])
#
print(type(str1))
#methods are the functions defined under a class
# is.. is for asking question
# isalpha() is like asking is the object alphabets
print(“Is alpha: “,str1.isalpha())
str2 = “helothere”
print(“Is alpha: “,str2.isalpha())
num1= input(“Enter a number: “)
if num1.isdigit():
num1 = int(num1)
else:
print(“Invalid number!”)
print(“Str1 isit titlecase:”, str1.istitle())
print(“Str1 convert to title case: “,str1.title())
print(“Str1 is it uppercase: “,str1.isupper())
print(“Str1 is uppercase: “,str1.upper())
print(“Str1 is it lowercase: “,str1.islower())
print(“Str1 is lowercase: “,str1.lower())
str2 = “I am fine I am good how are you am fine?”
print(“count of o: “,str2.count(“am”))
print(“count of o: “,str2.count(“am”,5,15))
print(“Split: “,str2.split(‘am’))
l1 = [‘I ‘, ‘ fine I ‘, ‘ good how are you ‘, ‘ fine?’]
print(“Join: “,“am”.join(l1))
start = 3
if str2.count(“am”,start)>0:
print(“Index: “,str2.index(“am”,start))
else:
print(“Given text not found in str2”)
print(str2.replace(“am”,“AM”))
# votingin india you need to be over 18 yrs and nationality India
nationality=“” #initialize
age = input(“Enter your age:”)
if age.isdigit():
age = int(age)
if age>=18:
#age criteria matched
nationality = input(“Enter you country of nationality:”)
if nationality.lower()==“india”:
print(“You are eligible to vote in India”)
else:
print(“Your nationality doesnt match”)
else:
print(“Your age criteria not matched”)
else:
print(“Not a valid age, hence exiting the program”)
print(“Printing nationality: “,nationality)
# Strings are immutable – you cant edit the value of a string
#nationality[2]=”d” TypeError: ‘str’ object does not support item assignment
# Collections – multiple values in one variable
# list – mutable ordered collection
list1 = [5,10,“Hello”, 6.5, True]
print(type(list1))
print(“first member: “,list1[0])
print(“last member: “,list1[-1])
print(“last 3 member: “,list1[-3:])
print(“first 3 member: “,list1[:3])
print([1,2,3] + [“First”,“Second”,“Third”])
print([1,2,3] * 4)
for i in list1:
print(f”{i} => {type(i)}“)
for i in range(len(list1)):
print(f”{list1[i]} => {type(list1[i])}“)
###
list1 = [5,10,“Hello”, 6.5, True]
if list1.count(“hello”) > 0:
idx = list1.index(“hello”)
list1.pop(idx)
else:
print(“hello is not in the list”)
# pop() looks for index, remove() looks for the value
list1.remove(“Hello”)
print(list1)
# add value to the list:
# append() – will add values at the end of the list
# insert() – needs value and also index
list1.append([2,4,6,8])
list1.insert(1,“Sachin Tendulkar”)
print(“After adding: “,list1)
print(list1[-1][2]) # how to access list inside another list
str1 = “I am fine”
# first 3
print(str1[0:3])
#last 3
print(str1[-3:])
#
print(type(str1))
#methods are the functions defined under a class
# is.. is for asking question
# isalpha() is like asking is the object alphabets
print(“Is alpha: “,str1.isalpha())
str2 = “helothere”
print(“Is alpha: “,str2.isalpha())
num1= input(“Enter a number: “)
if num1.isdigit():
num1 = int(num1)
else:
print(“Invalid number!”)
print(“Str1 isit titlecase:”, str1.istitle())
print(“Str1 convert to title case: “,str1.title())
print(“Str1 is it uppercase: “,str1.isupper())
print(“Str1 is uppercase: “,str1.upper())
print(“Str1 is it lowercase: “,str1.islower())
print(“Str1 is lowercase: “,str1.lower())
str2 = “I am fine I am good how are you am fine?”
print(“count of o: “,str2.count(“am”))
print(“count of o: “,str2.count(“am”,5,15))
print(“Split: “,str2.split(‘am’))
l1 = [‘I ‘, ‘ fine I ‘, ‘ good how are you ‘, ‘ fine?’]
print(“Join: “,“am”.join(l1))
start = 3
if str2.count(“am”,start)>0:
print(“Index: “,str2.index(“am”,start))
else:
print(“Given text not found in str2”)
print(str2.replace(“am”,“AM”))
# votingin india you need to be over 18 yrs and nationality India
nationality=“” #initialize
age = input(“Enter your age:”)
if age.isdigit():
age = int(age)
if age>=18:
#age criteria matched
nationality = input(“Enter you country of nationality:”)
if nationality.lower()==“india”:
print(“You are eligible to vote in India”)
else:
print(“Your nationality doesnt match”)
else:
print(“Your age criteria not matched”)
else:
print(“Not a valid age, hence exiting the program”)
print(“Printing nationality: “,nationality)
# Strings are immutable – you cant edit the value of a string
#nationality[2]=”d” TypeError: ‘str’ object does not support item assignment
# Collections – multiple values in one variable
# list – mutable ordered collection
list1 = [5,10,“Hello”, 6.5, True]
print(type(list1))
print(“first member: “,list1[0])
print(“last member: “,list1[-1])
print(“last 3 member: “,list1[-3:])
print(“first 3 member: “,list1[:3])
print([1,2,3] + [“First”,“Second”,“Third”])
print([1,2,3] * 4)
for i in list1:
print(f”{i} => {type(i)}“)
for i in range(len(list1)):
print(f”{list1[i]} => {type(list1[i])}“)
###
list1 = [5,10,“Hello”, 6.5, True]
if list1.count(“hello”) > 0:
idx = list1.index(“hello”)
list1.pop(idx)
else:
print(“hello is not in the list”)
# pop() looks for index, remove() looks for the value
list1.remove(“Hello”)
print(list1)
# add value to the list:
# append() – will add values at the end of the list
# insert() – needs value and also index
list1.append([2,4,6,8])
list1.insert(1,“Sachin Tendulkar”)
print(“After adding: “,list1)
print(list1[-1][2]) # how to access list inside another list
#LIST – 2
# list is an ordered mutable collection
# methods like append(), insert(), remove(), pop(),
#count(), index()
#wap to read marks of 5 students in their 5 subjects
marks = []
for i in range(5):
print((f”Enter the marks for student {i+1} “))
tlist=[]
for j in range(5):
m = int(input(f”Enter the marks in subject {j+1}: “))
tlist.append(m)
marks.append(tlist)
print(“Marks are:”,marks)
”’
[[45, 46, 89, 89, 98], [90, 98, 81, 67, 76], [45, 55, 58, 57, 60],
[5, 4, 5, 7, 8], [3, 6, 8, 9, 9]]
”’
marks=[[45, 46, 89, 89, 98], [90, 98, 81, 67, 76], [45, 55, 58, 57, 60],
[5, 99, 5, 7, 8], [5, 99, 8, 9, 9]]
marks.sort()
print(marks)
marks.sort(reverse=True)
print(marks)
marks.reverse()
print(marks)
l1 = [1,2,3]
l2 = [5,6,7]
l1.extend(l2) # l1 = l1 + l2
print(“L1: “,l1)
# copy
l3=l1 # l3 and l1 point to the same dataset(location in memory)
l4 =l1.copy() #shallow copy – it creates a new copy
print(“1. L1: “,l1)
print(“1. L3: “,l3)
print(“1. L4: “,l4)
l1.append(11)
l1.append(12)
l3.append(13)
l4.append(15)
print(“2. L1: “,l1)
print(“2. L3: “,l3)
print(“2. L4: “,l4)
l1.clear()
print(“L3 = “,l3)
### TUPLES ###
# Tuple – ordered immutable collection
t1 =()
print(type(t1))
t1=(1,2,3,4,1,2,3,1,2,1)
print(“Count = “,t1.count(2))
print(“Index = “,t1.index(2))
t1 = (4,)
print(type(t1))
t1 = (4,5) #packing
print(type(t1))
a,b = t1 #unpacking
print(a,b)
t1 = list(t1) #converting a tuple to list
t1 = tuple(t1) #converting a list to tuple
#accessing tuples are faster than accessing lists
t1=(10,30,20,40)
#iteration (loop) and indexing is exactly like List/String
print(t1[1])
#Dictionary: unordered collection – doesnt have index, instead
# dictionary has key:value pair – as a user you have to give the key
dict1 = {1: “Five”, “Eight”: 80}
print(type(dict1))
print(dict1)
print(dict1[‘Eight’])
marks = {}
for i in range(3):
n = input(f”Enter Student’s name: “)
tlist=[]
for j in range(3):
m = int(input(f”Enter the marks in subject {j+1}: “))
tlist.append(m)
marks.update({n:tlist})
print(“Final list:\n“,marks)
”’
{‘S’: [3, 6, 9], ‘R’: [1, 5, 9], ‘P’: [9, 5, 1]}
”’
dict2 = {‘S’: [3, 6, 9], ‘R’: [1, 5, 9], ‘P’: [9, 5, 1]}
print(“All Keys are: “,dict2.keys())
print(“All Values are: “,dict2.values())
# items() will give key and values pairs
print(“Items are: “,dict2.items())
for k,v in dict2.items():
print(f”{k} = {v}“)
dict3 = dict2.copy() #shallow copy
dict4 = dict2 #deepcopy
dict2.update({‘Q’:{4,6,9}})
print(“Dict3 – copy: “,dict3)
print(“Dict4 – =: “,dict4)
# pop() and popitem() both are used to remove data
#popitem() has no arguments – it will delete on of its own (latest added)
# pop() takes the key and that perticular key:value pair is deleted
dict2.popitem()
print(“2. Dict4 – =: “,dict4)
dict2.pop(“R”)
print(“3. Dict4 – =: “,dict4)
dict2 = {‘S’: [3, 6, 9], ‘R’: [1, 5, 9], ‘P’: [9, 5, 1]}
print(dict2[‘S’])
print(“Get key for the given value: “,dict2.get(“S”)) #another way of getting the value
dict2 = {‘S’: [3, 6, 9], ‘R’: [1, 5, 9], ‘P’: [9, 5, 1]}
x = dict2.setdefault(“T”,{0,0,0})
print(x)
print(dict2)
dict2[“T”] = {10,20,30}
print(dict2)
# list is an ordered mutable collection
# methods like append(), insert(), remove(), pop(),
#count(), index()
#wap to read marks of 5 students in their 5 subjects
marks = []
for i in range(5):
print((f”Enter the marks for student {i+1} “))
tlist=[]
for j in range(5):
m = int(input(f”Enter the marks in subject {j+1}: “))
tlist.append(m)
marks.append(tlist)
print(“Marks are:”,marks)
”’
[[45, 46, 89, 89, 98], [90, 98, 81, 67, 76], [45, 55, 58, 57, 60],
[5, 4, 5, 7, 8], [3, 6, 8, 9, 9]]
”’
marks=[[45, 46, 89, 89, 98], [90, 98, 81, 67, 76], [45, 55, 58, 57, 60],
[5, 99, 5, 7, 8], [5, 99, 8, 9, 9]]
marks.sort()
print(marks)
marks.sort(reverse=True)
print(marks)
marks.reverse()
print(marks)
l1 = [1,2,3]
l2 = [5,6,7]
l1.extend(l2) # l1 = l1 + l2
print(“L1: “,l1)
# copy
l3=l1 # l3 and l1 point to the same dataset(location in memory)
l4 =l1.copy() #shallow copy – it creates a new copy
print(“1. L1: “,l1)
print(“1. L3: “,l3)
print(“1. L4: “,l4)
l1.append(11)
l1.append(12)
l3.append(13)
l4.append(15)
print(“2. L1: “,l1)
print(“2. L3: “,l3)
print(“2. L4: “,l4)
l1.clear()
print(“L3 = “,l3)
### TUPLES ###
# Tuple – ordered immutable collection
t1 =()
print(type(t1))
t1=(1,2,3,4,1,2,3,1,2,1)
print(“Count = “,t1.count(2))
print(“Index = “,t1.index(2))
t1 = (4,)
print(type(t1))
t1 = (4,5) #packing
print(type(t1))
a,b = t1 #unpacking
print(a,b)
t1 = list(t1) #converting a tuple to list
t1 = tuple(t1) #converting a list to tuple
#accessing tuples are faster than accessing lists
t1=(10,30,20,40)
#iteration (loop) and indexing is exactly like List/String
print(t1[1])
#Dictionary: unordered collection – doesnt have index, instead
# dictionary has key:value pair – as a user you have to give the key
dict1 = {1: “Five”, “Eight”: 80}
print(type(dict1))
print(dict1)
print(dict1[‘Eight’])
marks = {}
for i in range(3):
n = input(f”Enter Student’s name: “)
tlist=[]
for j in range(3):
m = int(input(f”Enter the marks in subject {j+1}: “))
tlist.append(m)
marks.update({n:tlist})
print(“Final list:\n“,marks)
”’
{‘S’: [3, 6, 9], ‘R’: [1, 5, 9], ‘P’: [9, 5, 1]}
”’
dict2 = {‘S’: [3, 6, 9], ‘R’: [1, 5, 9], ‘P’: [9, 5, 1]}
print(“All Keys are: “,dict2.keys())
print(“All Values are: “,dict2.values())
# items() will give key and values pairs
print(“Items are: “,dict2.items())
for k,v in dict2.items():
print(f”{k} = {v}“)
dict3 = dict2.copy() #shallow copy
dict4 = dict2 #deepcopy
dict2.update({‘Q’:{4,6,9}})
print(“Dict3 – copy: “,dict3)
print(“Dict4 – =: “,dict4)
# pop() and popitem() both are used to remove data
#popitem() has no arguments – it will delete on of its own (latest added)
# pop() takes the key and that perticular key:value pair is deleted
dict2.popitem()
print(“2. Dict4 – =: “,dict4)
dict2.pop(“R”)
print(“3. Dict4 – =: “,dict4)
dict2 = {‘S’: [3, 6, 9], ‘R’: [1, 5, 9], ‘P’: [9, 5, 1]}
print(dict2[‘S’])
print(“Get key for the given value: “,dict2.get(“S”)) #another way of getting the value
dict2 = {‘S’: [3, 6, 9], ‘R’: [1, 5, 9], ‘P’: [9, 5, 1]}
x = dict2.setdefault(“T”,{0,0,0})
print(x)
print(dict2)
dict2[“T”] = {10,20,30}
print(dict2)
#SETS – linear unordered mutable collection
set1 = {}
print(type(set1))
set1 = {5,7,8,11, 11,11,8,7}
print(type(set1))
print(“Length = “,len(set1))
print(set1)
# set operations like: Union, Intersection, Difference
set1 = {5,7,8,11}
set2 = {3,4,11,8,7}
print(“union”)
print(set1 | set2)
print(set1.union(set2))
print(“intersection (filter common)”)
print(set1.intersection(set2))
print(set1 & set2)
print(“Difference”)
print(set1.difference(set2))
print(set1 – set2)
print(set2.difference(set1))
print(set2 – set1)
print(“Symmetric difference”)
print(set2.symmetric_difference(set1))
print(set2 ^ set1)
print(set1.isdisjoint(set2))
#set1.copy() – deep copy
set1.clear()
print(“Set 1: “,set1)
# sets, lists and tuples can be converted into each others form
set2 = {3,4,11,8,7}
set2 = list(set2)
set2.append(19)
set2 = set(set2)
## Functions ###
”’
1. inbuilts functions: print(), len(), set(), list() …..
2. user defined functions:
3. one line functions
”’
def list_of_questions():
print(“How are you?”)
print(“Where are you?”)
print(“Are you coming?”)
list_of_questions()
print(“printing list of questions once again!!!!!!”)
list_of_questions()
# function definition: of no input argument
def sum_two_nums():
num1 = 45
num2 = 38
add = num1 + num2
print(“Sum of two numbers is”,add)
# function definition: of taking input argument
def sum_two_nums1(num1, num2):
print(f’num1 = {num1} and num2 = {num2}‘)
add = num1 + num2
print(“Sum of two numbers is”,add)
# function definition: of taking input argumenta
# and returning values
# 1. required positional arguments: both required and positional
def sum_two_nums2(num1, num2):
print(f’num1 = {num1} and num2 = {num2}‘)
add = num1 + num2
#print(“Sum of two numbers is”,add)
return add
# default positional
def sum_two_nums3(num1, num2=9):
print(f’num1 = {num1} and num2 = {num2}‘)
add = num1 + num2
#print(“Sum of two numbers is”,add)
return add
#calling functions
sum_two_nums()
x = 38
y = 67
#calling functions by passing two values
sum_two_nums1(x, y)
#calling functions by passing two values and catching the return value
result = sum_two_nums2(27,37)
print(‘Function has returned ‘,result)
result = sum_two_nums3(27,39)
print(‘Function has returned ‘,result)
result = sum_two_nums3(27)
print(‘Function has returned ‘,result)
# how to make arguments non-positional
# by using keywords while passing the value
result = sum_two_nums3(num2 = 27,num1 = 39)
print(‘Function has returned ‘,result)
set1 = {}
print(type(set1))
set1 = {5,7,8,11, 11,11,8,7}
print(type(set1))
print(“Length = “,len(set1))
print(set1)
# set operations like: Union, Intersection, Difference
set1 = {5,7,8,11}
set2 = {3,4,11,8,7}
print(“union”)
print(set1 | set2)
print(set1.union(set2))
print(“intersection (filter common)”)
print(set1.intersection(set2))
print(set1 & set2)
print(“Difference”)
print(set1.difference(set2))
print(set1 – set2)
print(set2.difference(set1))
print(set2 – set1)
print(“Symmetric difference”)
print(set2.symmetric_difference(set1))
print(set2 ^ set1)
print(set1.isdisjoint(set2))
#set1.copy() – deep copy
set1.clear()
print(“Set 1: “,set1)
# sets, lists and tuples can be converted into each others form
set2 = {3,4,11,8,7}
set2 = list(set2)
set2.append(19)
set2 = set(set2)
## Functions ###
”’
1. inbuilts functions: print(), len(), set(), list() …..
2. user defined functions:
3. one line functions
”’
def list_of_questions():
print(“How are you?”)
print(“Where are you?”)
print(“Are you coming?”)
list_of_questions()
print(“printing list of questions once again!!!!!!”)
list_of_questions()
# function definition: of no input argument
def sum_two_nums():
num1 = 45
num2 = 38
add = num1 + num2
print(“Sum of two numbers is”,add)
# function definition: of taking input argument
def sum_two_nums1(num1, num2):
print(f’num1 = {num1} and num2 = {num2}‘)
add = num1 + num2
print(“Sum of two numbers is”,add)
# function definition: of taking input argumenta
# and returning values
# 1. required positional arguments: both required and positional
def sum_two_nums2(num1, num2):
print(f’num1 = {num1} and num2 = {num2}‘)
add = num1 + num2
#print(“Sum of two numbers is”,add)
return add
# default positional
def sum_two_nums3(num1, num2=9):
print(f’num1 = {num1} and num2 = {num2}‘)
add = num1 + num2
#print(“Sum of two numbers is”,add)
return add
#calling functions
sum_two_nums()
x = 38
y = 67
#calling functions by passing two values
sum_two_nums1(x, y)
#calling functions by passing two values and catching the return value
result = sum_two_nums2(27,37)
print(‘Function has returned ‘,result)
result = sum_two_nums3(27,39)
print(‘Function has returned ‘,result)
result = sum_two_nums3(27)
print(‘Function has returned ‘,result)
# how to make arguments non-positional
# by using keywords while passing the value
result = sum_two_nums3(num2 = 27,num1 = 39)
print(‘Function has returned ‘,result)
# functions
”’
1. required: you have to provide value to this argument
2. positional: takes the value based on the position
3. default (non-required):
4. keyword (non-positional)
”’
def func1(n1,n2):
print(“N1 = “,n1)
print(“N2 = “,n2)
add = n1 + n2
return add
def func2(n1,n2=66): #assigning a default value
print(“N1 = “,n1)
print(“N2 = “,n2)
add = n1 + n2
return add
def func3(n1=-1,n2=0): #assigning a default value
print(“N1 = “,n1)
print(“N2 = “,n2)
add = n1 + n2
return add
def fun4(s1,s2,s3,*s,**info):
print(“Values of S are:”,s)
if len(s)==0:
print(“We are dealing with a triangle”)
elif len(s)==1:
print(“We are dealing with a square or a rectangle”)
elif len(s)==2:
print(“We are dealing with a Pentagon”)
elif len(s)==3:
print(“We are dealing with a Hexagon”)
elif len(s)==4:
print(“We are dealing with a Heptagon”)
elif len(s)==5:
print(“We are dealing with a Octagon”)
elif len(s)>5:
print(“We are dealing with a shape greater than 8 sides”)
print(“INFO = “,info)
if “name” in info.keys():
print(f”Name of the player is {info[‘name’]}“)
if “game” in info.keys():
print(f”The player plays {info[‘game’]}“)
if “city” in info.keys():
print(f”The player lives in {info[‘city’]}“)
# docstring is the multi line comment added in the first line in a function
def checkprime(num):
”’
This is a function that takes parameter and returns
True for Prime and False for non Prime
:param num: value to check
:return: True for Prime and False for Non-Prime
”’
isPrime = True
if num<2:
isPrime = False
elif num>2:
for i in range(2,num//2 + 1):
if num%i==0:
isPrime = False
break
return isPrime
”’
10! = 10*9!
”’
def recurfacto(n):
if n==0:
return 1
return n*recurfacto(n-1)
if __name__ ==“__main__”:
result = func1(10,20)
print(“Total is”,result)
result = func2(10)
print(“Total is”,result)
result = func2(20,50)
print(“Total is”,result)
result = func3(2,5)
print(“Total is”,result)
result = func3()
print(“Total is”,result)
result = func3(n2=6)
print(“Total is”,result)
fun4(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, name=“Sachin”,game=“Cricket”,city=“Mumbai”)
fun4(1,2,3, name=“Virat”,game=“Cricket”)
for i in range(10,20):
result = checkprime(i)
if result:
print(f”{i} is Prime”)
else:
print(f”{i} is not Prime”)
# using the same above function to generate prime numbers between 5000 and 6000
print(“Prime numbers are:”)
for i in range(5000,6001):
result = checkprime(i)
if result:
print(i,end=“, “)
print()
result =recurfacto(10)
print(“10 factorial is”,result)
”’
1. required: you have to provide value to this argument
2. positional: takes the value based on the position
3. default (non-required):
4. keyword (non-positional)
”’
def func1(n1,n2):
print(“N1 = “,n1)
print(“N2 = “,n2)
add = n1 + n2
return add
def func2(n1,n2=66): #assigning a default value
print(“N1 = “,n1)
print(“N2 = “,n2)
add = n1 + n2
return add
def func3(n1=-1,n2=0): #assigning a default value
print(“N1 = “,n1)
print(“N2 = “,n2)
add = n1 + n2
return add
def fun4(s1,s2,s3,*s,**info):
print(“Values of S are:”,s)
if len(s)==0:
print(“We are dealing with a triangle”)
elif len(s)==1:
print(“We are dealing with a square or a rectangle”)
elif len(s)==2:
print(“We are dealing with a Pentagon”)
elif len(s)==3:
print(“We are dealing with a Hexagon”)
elif len(s)==4:
print(“We are dealing with a Heptagon”)
elif len(s)==5:
print(“We are dealing with a Octagon”)
elif len(s)>5:
print(“We are dealing with a shape greater than 8 sides”)
print(“INFO = “,info)
if “name” in info.keys():
print(f”Name of the player is {info[‘name’]}“)
if “game” in info.keys():
print(f”The player plays {info[‘game’]}“)
if “city” in info.keys():
print(f”The player lives in {info[‘city’]}“)
# docstring is the multi line comment added in the first line in a function
def checkprime(num):
”’
This is a function that takes parameter and returns
True for Prime and False for non Prime
:param num: value to check
:return: True for Prime and False for Non-Prime
”’
isPrime = True
if num<2:
isPrime = False
elif num>2:
for i in range(2,num//2 + 1):
if num%i==0:
isPrime = False
break
return isPrime
”’
10! = 10*9!
”’
def recurfacto(n):
if n==0:
return 1
return n*recurfacto(n-1)
if __name__ ==“__main__”:
result = func1(10,20)
print(“Total is”,result)
result = func2(10)
print(“Total is”,result)
result = func2(20,50)
print(“Total is”,result)
result = func3(2,5)
print(“Total is”,result)
result = func3()
print(“Total is”,result)
result = func3(n2=6)
print(“Total is”,result)
fun4(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, name=“Sachin”,game=“Cricket”,city=“Mumbai”)
fun4(1,2,3, name=“Virat”,game=“Cricket”)
for i in range(10,20):
result = checkprime(i)
if result:
print(f”{i} is Prime”)
else:
print(f”{i} is not Prime”)
# using the same above function to generate prime numbers between 5000 and 6000
print(“Prime numbers are:”)
for i in range(5000,6001):
result = checkprime(i)
if result:
print(i,end=“, “)
print()
result =recurfacto(10)
print(“10 factorial is”,result)
import p1 as MyOwnModule
from p1 import checkprime,fun4
if __name__==“__main__”:
print(“Running PY18.py”)
#printing doc string
print(checkprime.__doc__)
#result = p1.checkprime(97)
MyOwnModule.checkprime(97)
result = checkprime(97)
if result:
print(“97 is prime”)
else:
print(“97 is not a prime”)
from p1 import checkprime,fun4
if __name__==“__main__”:
print(“Running PY18.py”)
#printing doc string
print(checkprime.__doc__)
#result = p1.checkprime(97)
MyOwnModule.checkprime(97)
result = checkprime(97)
if result:
print(“97 is prime”)
else:
print(“97 is not a prime”)
a = “50” # creating an object of class str
print(type(a))
b = “hello”
print(type(b))
b.upper()
class Book:
# class members: variables and methods
total_books = 0 #class variable
def __init__(self, title, author): # object method
self.title = title
self.author = author
Book.total_books +=1
def put_data(self): # object method
print(“Title = “,self.title)
print(“Author = “,self.author)
@classmethod
def count_book(cls):
print(“Total books in the shelf is “,cls.total_books)
b1 = Book(“Python”,“Sachin”)# init is called when we create object
print(type(b1))
print(“Total books =”,b1.total_books)
b2 = Book(“Data Science”,“Virat”) # __init__() is called
print(type(b2))
print(“Total books =”,b2.total_books)
#b1.input_data(“Python”,”Sachin”) #calling method
b1.put_data()
#b2.input_data(“Data Science”,”Virat”)
b2.put_data()
print(“Total books =”,b1.total_books)
b2.count_book()
b1.count_book()
Book.count_book()
print(type(a))
b = “hello”
print(type(b))
b.upper()
class Book:
# class members: variables and methods
total_books = 0 #class variable
def __init__(self, title, author): # object method
self.title = title
self.author = author
Book.total_books +=1
def put_data(self): # object method
print(“Title = “,self.title)
print(“Author = “,self.author)
@classmethod
def count_book(cls):
print(“Total books in the shelf is “,cls.total_books)
b1 = Book(“Python”,“Sachin”)# init is called when we create object
print(type(b1))
print(“Total books =”,b1.total_books)
b2 = Book(“Data Science”,“Virat”) # __init__() is called
print(type(b2))
print(“Total books =”,b2.total_books)
#b1.input_data(“Python”,”Sachin”) #calling method
b1.put_data()
#b2.input_data(“Data Science”,”Virat”)
b2.put_data()
print(“Total books =”,b1.total_books)
b2.count_book()
b1.count_book()
Book.count_book()
”’
Properties of class & objects:
1. Inheritance:
2. Polymorphism:
3. Abstraction: hiding implementation detail
4. Encapsulation: hiding information
”’
# program to implement addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
class Super_Op:
def __init__(self):
print(“B2 is initialized”)
def Class_Output1(self):
print(“Output from Super_Op”)
class Math_Op(Super_Op):
def __init__(self,n):
self.n = n
def val_square(self):
return self.n ** 2
def val_squarert(self):
return self.n ** 0.5
def Class_Output1(self):
print(“Output from Math_Op”)
class B2:
def __init__(self):
print(“B2 is initialized”)
def Class_Output1(self):
print(“Output from B2”)
class Arith_Op (B2,Math_Op):
def __init__(self, n1,n2):
Math_Op.__init__(self,n1)
# call Math_Op init to make sure the data is initialized
self.n1 = n1
self.n2 = n2
def Add(self):
return self.n1 + self.n2
def Sub(self):
return self.n1 – self.n2
def Mul(self):
return self.n1 * self.n2
def Div(self):
return self.n1 / self.n2
def Class_Output1(self):
print(“Output from Arith_OP”)
a1 = Arith_Op(20,10)
a2 = Arith_Op(200,100)
a3 = Arith_Op(120,110)
a4 = Arith_Op(520,110)
print(“Addition: “,a1.Add())
print(“Subtraction: “,a2.Sub())
print(“Multiplication: “,a3.Mul())
print(“Division: “,a4.Div())
b1 = Math_Op(50)
print(“Square root: “,b1.val_squarert())
print(“Square: “, b1.val_square())
a1.val_square()
print(“Square root: “,a1.val_squarert())
print(“Square: “, a1.val_square())
a1.Class_Output()
Properties of class & objects:
1. Inheritance:
2. Polymorphism:
3. Abstraction: hiding implementation detail
4. Encapsulation: hiding information
”’
# program to implement addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
class Super_Op:
def __init__(self):
print(“B2 is initialized”)
def Class_Output1(self):
print(“Output from Super_Op”)
class Math_Op(Super_Op):
def __init__(self,n):
self.n = n
def val_square(self):
return self.n ** 2
def val_squarert(self):
return self.n ** 0.5
def Class_Output1(self):
print(“Output from Math_Op”)
class B2:
def __init__(self):
print(“B2 is initialized”)
def Class_Output1(self):
print(“Output from B2”)
class Arith_Op (B2,Math_Op):
def __init__(self, n1,n2):
Math_Op.__init__(self,n1)
# call Math_Op init to make sure the data is initialized
self.n1 = n1
self.n2 = n2
def Add(self):
return self.n1 + self.n2
def Sub(self):
return self.n1 – self.n2
def Mul(self):
return self.n1 * self.n2
def Div(self):
return self.n1 / self.n2
def Class_Output1(self):
print(“Output from Arith_OP”)
a1 = Arith_Op(20,10)
a2 = Arith_Op(200,100)
a3 = Arith_Op(120,110)
a4 = Arith_Op(520,110)
print(“Addition: “,a1.Add())
print(“Subtraction: “,a2.Sub())
print(“Multiplication: “,a3.Mul())
print(“Division: “,a4.Div())
b1 = Math_Op(50)
print(“Square root: “,b1.val_squarert())
print(“Square: “, b1.val_square())
a1.val_square()
print(“Square root: “,a1.val_squarert())
print(“Square: “, a1.val_square())
a1.Class_Output()
”’
Properties of class & objects:
1. Inheritance:
2. Polymorphism:
3. Abstraction: hiding implementation detail
4. Encapsulation: hiding information: 3 types of accessibility provided are:
4.1: public
4.2: protected
4.3: private
”’
# program to implement addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
class Super_Op:
def __init__(self):
print(“B2 is initialized”)
def Class_Output(self):
print(“Output from Super_Op”)
def _Class_Output2(self): #protected
print(“Output from Super_Op – Protected”)
def __Class_Output2(self): #private
print(“Output from Super_Op – Private”)
class Math_Op(Super_Op):
def __init__(self,n):
self.n = n
def val_square(self):
return self.n ** 2
def val_squarert(self):
return self.n ** 0.5
def Class_Output(self):
print(“Output from Math_Op”)
class B2:
def __init__(self):
print(“B2 is initialized”)
def Class_Output(self):
print(“Output from B2”)
class Arith_Op (B2,Math_Op):
def __init__(self, n1=0,n2=0):
Math_Op.__init__(self,n1)
# call Math_Op init to make sure the data is initialized
self.n1 = n1
self.n2 = n2
def Add(self):
return self.n1 + self.n2
def Sub(self):
return self.n1 – self.n2
def Mul(self):
return self.n1 * self.n2
def Div(self):
return self.n1 / self.n2
def Class_Output1(self):
print(“Output from Arith_OP”)
class testClass:
def testMethod(self):
s1 = Super_Op()
s1.Class_Output()
s1._Class_Output2()
”’ Protected members is being called but technically it shouldnt be
possible to call – this is not yet implemeted in Python”’
#s1.__Class_Output2()
# above method of Super_Op is not accessible.
”’
testClass is no way connected to any of the classes above but still it can
call Super_Op class members. – Public
so, public members can be called by any class.
protected: if you want to make any member protected, you need to add _(single
underscore) before the name. protected members can be called by derived classes only.
BUT THIS IS STRICTLY NOT IMPLEMENTED IN PYTHON!
private: if you want to make any member private, you need to add __(double
underscore) before the name. Private members can be accessed only by the members of
the same class.
”’
t1 = testClass()
t1.testMethod()
a1 = Arith_Op(10,20)
m1 = Math_Op(4)
m1._Class_Output2()
#m1.__Class_Output2() – you cant call since its private
##################
”’
handling external files:
.text, .json .csv
How to handle file reading:
import os
”’
import os
print(“Operating system is use: “,os.name)
# nt platform for windows
# posix platform for Mac, Unix, Linux
# java etc…
if os.name==“nt”:
#windows related commands
print(“You are working with Windows machine”)
# to clear the screen – cls
os.system(‘cls’)
#create directory
os.mkdir(“Test1”)
elif os.name==“posix”:
print(“You are working on UNIX/Linux/Mac machine”)
# those related commands you use
os.system(‘clear’)
else:
print(“Some other platform. Please check”)
############
”’
Modes of file:
r : read
w : write
a : append (writing additional content to existing file)
r+ : read and write mode: file should be existing
w+ : write and read mode: file neednt be there
a+: append and read
”’
poem=”’Twinkle Twinkle little star
How I wonder what you are
Up above the world so high
like a diamond in the sky”’
print(poem)
# write – all the content
# write line – adding line by line
# write lines – multiple lines – content has to be in []
# step 1: create a file pointer – needs where and how
file_ptr = open(“Test1/abc.txt”,“a”)
file_ptr.write(poem)
file_ptr.close()
file_ptr = open(“Test1/abc.txt”,“r”)
read_content = file_ptr.read()
file_ptr.close()
print(“Content read from the file:\n“,read_content)
Properties of class & objects:
1. Inheritance:
2. Polymorphism:
3. Abstraction: hiding implementation detail
4. Encapsulation: hiding information: 3 types of accessibility provided are:
4.1: public
4.2: protected
4.3: private
”’
# program to implement addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
class Super_Op:
def __init__(self):
print(“B2 is initialized”)
def Class_Output(self):
print(“Output from Super_Op”)
def _Class_Output2(self): #protected
print(“Output from Super_Op – Protected”)
def __Class_Output2(self): #private
print(“Output from Super_Op – Private”)
class Math_Op(Super_Op):
def __init__(self,n):
self.n = n
def val_square(self):
return self.n ** 2
def val_squarert(self):
return self.n ** 0.5
def Class_Output(self):
print(“Output from Math_Op”)
class B2:
def __init__(self):
print(“B2 is initialized”)
def Class_Output(self):
print(“Output from B2”)
class Arith_Op (B2,Math_Op):
def __init__(self, n1=0,n2=0):
Math_Op.__init__(self,n1)
# call Math_Op init to make sure the data is initialized
self.n1 = n1
self.n2 = n2
def Add(self):
return self.n1 + self.n2
def Sub(self):
return self.n1 – self.n2
def Mul(self):
return self.n1 * self.n2
def Div(self):
return self.n1 / self.n2
def Class_Output1(self):
print(“Output from Arith_OP”)
class testClass:
def testMethod(self):
s1 = Super_Op()
s1.Class_Output()
s1._Class_Output2()
”’ Protected members is being called but technically it shouldnt be
possible to call – this is not yet implemeted in Python”’
#s1.__Class_Output2()
# above method of Super_Op is not accessible.
”’
testClass is no way connected to any of the classes above but still it can
call Super_Op class members. – Public
so, public members can be called by any class.
protected: if you want to make any member protected, you need to add _(single
underscore) before the name. protected members can be called by derived classes only.
BUT THIS IS STRICTLY NOT IMPLEMENTED IN PYTHON!
private: if you want to make any member private, you need to add __(double
underscore) before the name. Private members can be accessed only by the members of
the same class.
”’
t1 = testClass()
t1.testMethod()
a1 = Arith_Op(10,20)
m1 = Math_Op(4)
m1._Class_Output2()
#m1.__Class_Output2() – you cant call since its private
##################
”’
handling external files:
.text, .json .csv
How to handle file reading:
import os
”’
import os
print(“Operating system is use: “,os.name)
# nt platform for windows
# posix platform for Mac, Unix, Linux
# java etc…
if os.name==“nt”:
#windows related commands
print(“You are working with Windows machine”)
# to clear the screen – cls
os.system(‘cls’)
#create directory
os.mkdir(“Test1”)
elif os.name==“posix”:
print(“You are working on UNIX/Linux/Mac machine”)
# those related commands you use
os.system(‘clear’)
else:
print(“Some other platform. Please check”)
############
”’
Modes of file:
r : read
w : write
a : append (writing additional content to existing file)
r+ : read and write mode: file should be existing
w+ : write and read mode: file neednt be there
a+: append and read
”’
poem=”’Twinkle Twinkle little star
How I wonder what you are
Up above the world so high
like a diamond in the sky”’
print(poem)
# write – all the content
# write line – adding line by line
# write lines – multiple lines – content has to be in []
# step 1: create a file pointer – needs where and how
file_ptr = open(“Test1/abc.txt”,“a”)
file_ptr.write(poem)
file_ptr.close()
file_ptr = open(“Test1/abc.txt”,“r”)
read_content = file_ptr.read()
file_ptr.close()
print(“Content read from the file:\n“,read_content)
# reading external files – .txt file
# read and write to a file
filptr = open(“Test1\\abc.txt”,“r”)
# read
content = filptr.read()
print(“1 Content of the file is: \n“,content)
filptr.seek(10)
content = filptr.read(30)
print(“2 Content of the file is: \n“,content)
content = filptr.read(30)
print(“3 Content of the file is: \n“,content)
filptr.seek(0)
# readline
content = filptr.readline()
print(“1. Line: Content of the file is: \n“,content)
content = filptr.readline(50000)
print(“2. Line: Content of the file is: \n“,content)
filptr.seek(0)
# readlines
content = filptr.readlines()
print(“1. Lines: Content of the file is: \n“,content)
# closing the file
filptr.close()
filptr = open(“Test1\\abc.txt”,“w”) #operations same as append
# write
content=“””Ba Ba Black sheep
Do you have any wool
Yes sir yes sir
three bags full”””
filptr.write(content)
## writelines
content=[‘\nHello there\n‘,‘How are you doing?\n‘,
‘I am fine\n‘,‘Doing awesome\n‘]
filptr.writelines(content)
#close
filptr.close()
”’
Mini Project:
Write a .txt file based storage program to store data about Indian batsman
for the world cup 2023. And pick up the highest score of each player through
the python code.
example: store player and their highest score
Rohit 43
Gill 55
Rahul 21
Iyer 5
Virat 86
”’
# reading external files – .csv file
import csv
header = [‘SNO’,‘NAME’,‘COUNTRY’,‘HIGHEST’]
info = [[‘1’,‘Rohit’,‘India’,43],[‘2’,‘Gill’,‘India’,67],
[‘3’,‘Iyer’,‘India’,4],[‘4’,‘Virat’,‘India’,93]]
fileptr = open(“Test1\\abc.csv”,mode=“w”,newline=”)
fileptr_csv = csv.writer(fileptr, delimiter=“,”)
fileptr_csv.writerow(header)
for i in info:
fileptr_csv.writerow(i)
fileptr.close()
fileptr = open(“Test1\\abc.csv”,mode=“r”,newline=”)
fileptr_csv = csv.reader(fileptr, delimiter=“,”)
for i in fileptr_csv:
print(i[1],” – “,i[3])
fileptr.close()
”’
Modify the above program to print the name and the score of the highest player only
”’
# read and write to a file
filptr = open(“Test1\\abc.txt”,“r”)
# read
content = filptr.read()
print(“1 Content of the file is: \n“,content)
filptr.seek(10)
content = filptr.read(30)
print(“2 Content of the file is: \n“,content)
content = filptr.read(30)
print(“3 Content of the file is: \n“,content)
filptr.seek(0)
# readline
content = filptr.readline()
print(“1. Line: Content of the file is: \n“,content)
content = filptr.readline(50000)
print(“2. Line: Content of the file is: \n“,content)
filptr.seek(0)
# readlines
content = filptr.readlines()
print(“1. Lines: Content of the file is: \n“,content)
# closing the file
filptr.close()
filptr = open(“Test1\\abc.txt”,“w”) #operations same as append
# write
content=“””Ba Ba Black sheep
Do you have any wool
Yes sir yes sir
three bags full”””
filptr.write(content)
## writelines
content=[‘\nHello there\n‘,‘How are you doing?\n‘,
‘I am fine\n‘,‘Doing awesome\n‘]
filptr.writelines(content)
#close
filptr.close()
”’
Mini Project:
Write a .txt file based storage program to store data about Indian batsman
for the world cup 2023. And pick up the highest score of each player through
the python code.
example: store player and their highest score
Rohit 43
Gill 55
Rahul 21
Iyer 5
Virat 86
”’
# reading external files – .csv file
import csv
header = [‘SNO’,‘NAME’,‘COUNTRY’,‘HIGHEST’]
info = [[‘1’,‘Rohit’,‘India’,43],[‘2’,‘Gill’,‘India’,67],
[‘3’,‘Iyer’,‘India’,4],[‘4’,‘Virat’,‘India’,93]]
fileptr = open(“Test1\\abc.csv”,mode=“w”,newline=”)
fileptr_csv = csv.writer(fileptr, delimiter=“,”)
fileptr_csv.writerow(header)
for i in info:
fileptr_csv.writerow(i)
fileptr.close()
fileptr = open(“Test1\\abc.csv”,mode=“r”,newline=”)
fileptr_csv = csv.reader(fileptr, delimiter=“,”)
for i in fileptr_csv:
print(i[1],” – “,i[3])
fileptr.close()
”’
Modify the above program to print the name and the score of the highest player only
”’
# Working files – json file
# dump, dumps, load, loads
players_data = {
“Players”:[
{
“Name”: “Rohit”,
“Type”:“Batsman”,
“City”:“Mumbai”
},
{
“Name”: “Siraj”,
“Type”:“Bowler”,
“City”:“Hyderabad”
},
{
“Name”: “Virat”,
“Type”:“Batsman”,
“City”:“Delhi”
},
{
“Name”: “Ashwin”,
“Type”:“Bowler”,
“City”:“Chennai”
}
]
}
import json
# write to a file
fileptr = open(“Test1\\data1.json”,“w”)
json.dump(players_data,fileptr, indent=4)
print(json.dumps(players_data,indent=4, sort_keys=True))
fileptr.close()
# reading a json file
fileptr = open(“Test1\\data1.json”,“r”)
json_content = json.load(fileptr)
print(json_content)
jason_txt = ”'{“Players”: [{“Name”: “Rohit”, “Type”: “Batsman”, “City”: “Mumbai”},
# dump, dumps, load, loads
players_data = {
“Players”:[
{
“Name”: “Rohit”,
“Type”:“Batsman”,
“City”:“Mumbai”
},
{
“Name”: “Siraj”,
“Type”:“Bowler”,
“City”:“Hyderabad”
},
{
“Name”: “Virat”,
“Type”:“Batsman”,
“City”:“Delhi”
},
{
“Name”: “Ashwin”,
“Type”:“Bowler”,
“City”:“Chennai”
}
]
}
import json
# write to a file
fileptr = open(“Test1\\data1.json”,“w”)
json.dump(players_data,fileptr, indent=4)
print(json.dumps(players_data,indent=4, sort_keys=True))
fileptr.close()
# reading a json file
fileptr = open(“Test1\\data1.json”,“r”)
json_content = json.load(fileptr)
print(json_content)
jason_txt = ”'{“Players”: [{“Name”: “Rohit”, “Type”: “Batsman”, “City”: “Mumbai”},
{“Name”: “Siraj”, “Type”: “Bowler”, “City”: “Hyderabad”}]}”’
#loads actually reads data from the screen – data will be in a string format not
# as json format
json_content2 = json.loads(jason_txt)
print(json_content2)
print(json_content2[‘Players’])
print(json_content2[‘Players’][1][‘Name’])
for i in json_content2[‘Players’]:
print(i[‘Name’])
fileptr.close()
#loads actually reads data from the screen – data will be in a string format not
# as json format
json_content2 = json.loads(jason_txt)
print(json_content2)
print(json_content2[‘Players’])
print(json_content2[‘Players’][1][‘Name’])
for i in json_content2[‘Players’]:
print(i[‘Name’])
fileptr.close()
”’
Errors:
1. Syntax error: rule not correctly written
2. Logical error: made error in writing the logic
3. Exceptions: runtime errors
”’
num1 = 5
num2 = 2
print(f”Sum of {num1} and {num2} is {num1-num2}“)
num1 = int(input(“Enter a number: “))
print(“Value entered is “,num1)
# ValueError:
# handling runtime errors are called Exception handling
try:
num1 = int(input(“Enter a number: “))
except ValueError:
print(“Since you have entered an invalid number, we are stopping here!”)
else:
print(“This is a valid number”)
finally:
print(“Thank you for using my application”)
”’
WAP to divide 2 numbers
”’
num1,num2 = 0,0
while True:
try:
num1 = int(input(“Enter first number: “))
except ValueError:
print(“Invalid number! Try again…”)
else:
break
while True:
try:
num2 = int(input(“Enter second number: “))
except ValueError:
print(“Invalid number! Try again…”)
else:
try:
div = num1 / num2
except ZeroDivisionError:
print(“Denominator cant be Zero! Try again…”)
else:
break
div = num1 / num2
print(“Division value is:”,div)
print(“Thank you for using my application”)
Errors:
1. Syntax error: rule not correctly written
2. Logical error: made error in writing the logic
3. Exceptions: runtime errors
”’
num1 = 5
num2 = 2
print(f”Sum of {num1} and {num2} is {num1-num2}“)
num1 = int(input(“Enter a number: “))
print(“Value entered is “,num1)
# ValueError:
# handling runtime errors are called Exception handling
try:
num1 = int(input(“Enter a number: “))
except ValueError:
print(“Since you have entered an invalid number, we are stopping here!”)
else:
print(“This is a valid number”)
finally:
print(“Thank you for using my application”)
”’
WAP to divide 2 numbers
”’
num1,num2 = 0,0
while True:
try:
num1 = int(input(“Enter first number: “))
except ValueError:
print(“Invalid number! Try again…”)
else:
break
while True:
try:
num2 = int(input(“Enter second number: “))
except ValueError:
print(“Invalid number! Try again…”)
else:
try:
div = num1 / num2
except ZeroDivisionError:
print(“Denominator cant be Zero! Try again…”)
else:
break
div = num1 / num2
print(“Division value is:”,div)
print(“Thank you for using my application”)
def myfun1(a,b):
print(a+b)
return a+b
def myfun2():
print(“I do nothing”)
class Sample:
def __init__(self):
print(“Object created”)
def printinfo(self):
print(“Some output here”)
if __name__ ==“__main__”:
myfun1(99,87)
myfun1(99,7)
s1 = Sample()
print(a+b)
return a+b
def myfun2():
print(“I do nothing”)
class Sample:
def __init__(self):
print(“Object created”)
def printinfo(self):
print(“Some output here”)
if __name__ ==“__main__”:
myfun1(99,87)
myfun1(99,7)
s1 = Sample()
=====================
#import p11 as RocketScience
from p11 import myfun1
#RocketScience.myfun2()
print(myfun1(5,10))
import random
random.random()
########### FILE HANDLING
#mode of file handling: r (read), w (write-delete old content and write new), a (Append)
## r+ (read & write), w+ (write & read), a+ (append and read)
filename = “abc.txt”
fileobj = open(filename,“r+”)
content = ”’This is a sample content
story about a king
and a queen
who lived in a jungle
so I am talking about
Lion the kind of jungle”’
fileobj.write(content)
content2 = [‘THis is sample line 1\n‘,‘line 2 content \n‘,‘line 3 content \n‘]
fileobj.writelines(content2)
fileobj.seek(20)
output = fileobj.read()
print(“Content from the file:\n“,output)
fileobj.seek(10)
output = fileobj.read()
fileobj.seek(10)
content3 = fileobj.read(15)
content4 = fileobj.readline()
print(“Content from the file:\n“,output)
fileobj.seek(0)
content5 = fileobj.readlines()
print(“Content from the file:\n“,content5)
fileobj.close()
## Exception handling
#SyntaxError : print(“Hello)
#logical error: you make error in the logic – very difficult to find
#runtime errors (exceptions):
num1 = int(input(“Enter a number: “))
# ValueError exception
from p11 import myfun1
#RocketScience.myfun2()
print(myfun1(5,10))
import random
random.random()
########### FILE HANDLING
#mode of file handling: r (read), w (write-delete old content and write new), a (Append)
## r+ (read & write), w+ (write & read), a+ (append and read)
filename = “abc.txt”
fileobj = open(filename,“r+”)
content = ”’This is a sample content
story about a king
and a queen
who lived in a jungle
so I am talking about
Lion the kind of jungle”’
fileobj.write(content)
content2 = [‘THis is sample line 1\n‘,‘line 2 content \n‘,‘line 3 content \n‘]
fileobj.writelines(content2)
fileobj.seek(20)
output = fileobj.read()
print(“Content from the file:\n“,output)
fileobj.seek(10)
output = fileobj.read()
fileobj.seek(10)
content3 = fileobj.read(15)
content4 = fileobj.readline()
print(“Content from the file:\n“,output)
fileobj.seek(0)
content5 = fileobj.readlines()
print(“Content from the file:\n“,content5)
fileobj.close()
## Exception handling
#SyntaxError : print(“Hello)
#logical error: you make error in the logic – very difficult to find
#runtime errors (exceptions):
num1 = int(input(“Enter a number: “))
# ValueError exception
# Exceptions
a=“k”
b=10
c=-1
try:
c = b/d
except ZeroDivisionError:
print(“Denominator is zero hence stopping the program from executing”)
except TypeError:
print(“Invalid numbers, hence exiting…”)
except NameError:
print(“One of the values has not been defined. Try again”)
except Exception:
print(“Not sure but some error has occurred, we need to stop”)
else:
print(“Answer is”,c)
finally:
print(“We have completed division process”)
#
class InvalidLength(Exception):
def __init__(self,value=0):
self.value = value
length, breadth = –1,-1
while True:
try:
length = int(input(“Enter length: “))
except ValueError:
print(“Invalid number, try again…”)
else:
#assert length > 0, “Rectangle with this diamension is not possible”
if length <=0:
try:
raise InvalidLength
except InvalidLength:
print(“Invalid value for Length hence resetting the value to 1”)
length=1
break
while True:
try:
breadth = int(input(“Enter breadth: “))
except ValueError:
print(“Invalid number, try again…”)
else:
assert breadth>0,“Rectangle with this diamension is not possible”
break
area = length * breadth
print(“Area of the rectangle is”,area)
## ### ##
# datetime, date, time
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
import time
from pytz import timezone
curr_time = datetime.now()
print(“Current time is”,curr_time)
print(“Current time is”,curr_time.strftime(“%d / %m /%Y”))
print(curr_time.year, curr_time.day, curr_time.date())
for i in range(5):
time.sleep(1) # sleep for 2 seconds
print(“Time left:”,5-i,“seconds”)
print(“Good Morning”)
print(“Current time is”,datetime.now())
print(“Date 2 days back was”,(curr_time-timedelta(days=2)).strftime(“%d/%m/%Y”))
print(“UTC Time is”,datetime.now(timezone(‘UTC’)))
print(“UTC Time is”,datetime.now(timezone(‘US/Eastern’)))
print(“UTC Time is”,datetime.now(timezone(‘Asia/Kolkata’)))
Download MYSQL database link:
https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/installer/
Create table employees.Employees( EMPID INT Primary Key auto_increment, FNAME VARCHAR(55) NOT NULL, LNAME VARCHAR(55), DOB DATE, EMAIL VARCHAR(35) unique, PHONE VARCHAR(11), DOJ DATE Default(‘2021-07-20’), — YYYY-MM-DD SALARY FLOAT(2), DEPTID INT, Foreign Key (DEPTID) References Departments(DID), Constraint U_UC_LN_DOB Unique(LNAME,DOB), CHECK(Salary 0.0) ) — Constraints: Primary Key, Foreign Key, Not Null, Unique, Check, Default
— Modifying a table – Table is already created and in use – ALTER TABLE
— ADD or DELETE (DROP) or MODIFY or RENAME a Column
— DDL command to delete is DROP
— DDL command to modify is ALTER
use employees;
ALTER table employees ADD BONUS Float(3);
ALTER table employees ADD dummy Float(3);
ALTER TABLE Employees DROP COLUMN dummy;
ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEES MODIFY COLUMN BONUS float(4)
ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEES RENAME COLUMN BONUS to BONUS_PCT;
use employees;
— create table, drop table, alter table
— to read data we use Select
Select * from departments;
insert into departments (DID, HOD, DNAME, DCODE) values (100,’Sachin’,’CSE’,’AA00′);
insert into departments values (101,’MEC’,’Virat’,’AZ00′);
insert into departments values (103,’ECE’,’Rohit’,’KZ00′);
insert into departments values (105,’CIV’,’Dhoni’,’CZ00′);
insert into departments values (106,’TCE’,’Sunil’,’BZ00′);
Select * from employees;
Select @@GLOBAL.secure_file_priv;
— Import data into CSV
LOAD DATA INFILE ‘C:/ProgramData/MySQL/MySQL Server 8.0/Uploads/EmployeesData.csv’
INTO TABLE EMPLOYEES
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ‘,’
ENCLOSED BY ‘”‘
LINES TERMINATED BY ‘\n’
IGNORE 1 ROWS;
— DELETE to remove a row
DELETE FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE EMPID=120;
— Update to modify the existing values in a row
Update Employees
Set Bonus_PCT = 0.45, Salary = 160000
where empid=122;
Select * from employees where empid=122
— SELECT
Select FNAME, EMAIL, PHONE, SALARY From Employees;
Select FNAME, EMAIL, PHONE, SALARY From Employees where salary >=100000;
Select FNAME, EMAIL, PHONE, SALARY From Employees where EMAIL =’ramakrishnavendra@wnbco.co’;
— Create Index to make query faster
Create Index idx_salary
on Employees (Salary)
— Relational operators in MYSQL: = > < >= <= <>
Select FNAME, EMAIL, PHONE, SALARY From Employees where EMAIL <>’ramakrishnavendra@wnbco.co’;
— BETWEEN LIKE IN
use employees;
select * from employees;
select FNAME, LNAME, DOB, Salary from employees where salary > 75000;
— BETWEEN is used for numbers
select FNAME, LNAME, DOB, Salary from employees where salary BETWEEN 75000 AND 95000;
— below statement is same as above (BETWEEN)
select FNAME, LNAME, DOB, Salary from employees where salary >= 75000 AND salary <= 95000;
select FNAME, LNAME, DOB, Salary from employees where salary >= 75000 AND Bonus_pct <= 0.4; — 0 to 9 rows
select FNAME, LNAME, DOB, Salary from employees where salary >= 75000 OR Bonus_pct <= 0.4; — 25 to 34 rows
select FNAME, LNAME, DOB, Salary from employees where salary >= 75000 — 25 rows
select FNAME, LNAME, DOB, Salary from employees where Bonus_pct <= 0.4; — 9 rows
— LIKE – for text data comparison
Select * from employees where FNAME like ‘A%’
— IN – checking for given set of values
Select * from employees where FNAME IN (‘O%’, ‘A%’,’B%’);
Select * from employees where FNAME IN (‘Anikeet Dey’,’Amol Jain’,’Suresh Narayan Singh Yadav’ );
Select * from employees where SALARY IN (36107, 110266, 107799, 198890);
— Logical operator – AND OR NOT
select * from employees where not( deptid = 100 and salary >100000)
— ORDER BY
select * from employees order by salary DESC;
select * from employees order by salary ASC; — Ascending order is by default
select * from employees order by DEPTID ASC, Salary DESC;
use employees;
select * from employees where bonus_pct is not null;
select * from employees order by FNAME;
select * from employees order by FNAME DESC;
UPDATE employees SET BONUS_PCT = NULL WHERE BONUS_PCT > 0.88;
select * from employees where bonus_pct is not null limit 3;
select * from employees where bonus_pct is not null order by salary DESC limit 5;
select avg(salary) as Max_Salary, deptid from employees group by deptid;
select avg(salary), count(salary), sum(salary) from employees;
select * from employees where salary > (select avg(salary) from employees);
— Find highest salary earner for each department
select deptid, MAX(salary) as max_salary FROM employees group by deptid;
select deptid, fname, salary from employees where (Deptid, salary) in
(select deptid, MAX(salary) as max_salary FROM employees group by deptid);
use employees;
select deptid, avg(salary) as “Average Salary” from employees group by deptid;
— COUNT, AVG, SUM, MIN, MAX
— Like: %a, a%, %a% , %b__% (exactly 1 value for _), ‘a%z’
select fname, email, salary from employees;
select fname, email, salary from employees where fname like ‘%ol%’;
— J followed by exactly three characters
select fname, email, salary from employees where fname like ‘%J___’;
— J followed by atleast four characters
select fname, email, salary from employees where fname like ‘%J____%’;
select * from employees where fname in (‘Pankaj Prajapati’,’Manju Mishra’ ,’Arijeet Dasgupta’);
select * from employees where fname in (select fname from employees where fname like ‘%J____%’);
select * from employees where (fname,salary) in (select fname,salary from employees where fname like ‘%J____%’);
select fname, email, salary from employees where fname like ‘%dey’;
— combining data from 2 tables
use employees;
select * from employees;
select employees.FNAME, DID, departments.DNAME from employees, departments
select employees.FNAME, DID, departments.DNAME from employees, departments where employees.deptid = departments.did;
insert into departments values (107, ‘BIOT’,’Kapil’,’BB09′)
insert into employees (EMPID, FNAME, LNAME, DOB, EMAIL,PHONE, DOJ,SALARY)
values (133,’Sachin Tendulkar’,’T’,’1990-05-04′,’sachin@wnbco.co’,9999000009,’2023-05-15′,231456);
select * from departments;
select employees.FNAME, DID, departments.DNAME from employees, departments where employees.deptid = departments.did;
— JOINS
use employees;
select * from employees;
select * from departments;
select fname, hod from employees, departments where departments.did = employees.DEPTID; — Inner
select fname, hod from employees, departments where employees.DEPTID = departments.did order by empid;
select fname, hod from employees INNER JOIN departments ON employees.DEPTID = departments.did order by empid;
SELECT T1.COL1, T2.COL2, T3.COL3
FROM (((T1 INNER JOIN T2 ON T1.K1 = T2.K1) INNER JOIN T3 ON T2.K2 = T3.K2) INNER JOIN T4 ON T3.K3 = T4.K3);
select fname, hod from employees LEFT JOIN departments ON employees.DEPTID = departments.did order by empid;
use employees;
select fname, hod from employees left join departments on employees.DEPTID = departments.did
UNION
select fname, hod from departments left join employees on employees.DEPTID = departments.did;
select fname, hod from departments inner join employees on employees.DEPTID = departments.did;
select * from employees;
select sum(EMPID) from employees;
select count(EMPID) from employees;
select count(EMPID) from employees where salary > 50000;
select count(EMPID) , DEPTID from employees
group by deptid
having count(EMPID) > 5;
select count(fname), hod from employees left join departments on employees.DEPTID = departments.did
group by deptid
having count(fname) > 3;
select * from employees;
— Salary_Grade: <50K: E 50-100K: D 100-150K – C 150-200-B >200K: A
select fname, salary, bonus_pct,
case when bonus_pct is null then salary
else salary+salary*bonus_pct
end as total_salary from employees;
select fname, salary,
CASE
when salary < 50000 Then ‘Grade: E’
when salary > 200000 Then ‘Grade: A’
when salary > 150000 Then ‘Grade: B’
when salary > 100000 Then ‘Grade: C’
Else ‘Grade: D’
End As Salary_Grade
from employees;
use employees;
select * from employees;
select FNAME, DOB, DOJ, datediff(doj,dob) from employees;
select fname, NOW() from employees;
select now(); — current date and time (system)
select date(now());
select curdate();
— default date format in MYSQL is YYYY-MM-DD
— DD-MM-YYYY
select date_format(curdate(), ‘%d-%m-%Y’) as Date;
select curdate() as todays_date, date_add(curdate(),interval 1 Day) as Tomorrow,
date_add(curdate(),interval 1 Week) as next_week,
date_add(curdate(),interval 1 Month) as Next_month,
date_add(curdate(),interval 1 Year) as Next_year;
— Add date: Interval, day, week or month or year;
select curdate() as todays_date, date_sub(curdate(),interval 1 Day) as Yesterday,
date_sub(curdate(),interval 1 Week) as last_week,
date_sub(curdate(),interval 1 Month) as last_month,
date_sub(curdate(),interval 1 Year) as last_year;
select day(curdate()) as day, month(curdate()) as Month, quarter(curdate()) as Quarter, Year(curdate()) as Year,
Weekday(curdate()) as Weekday, week(curdate()) as week, weekofyear(curdate()) as WeekofYear;
select * from employees where salary > (select salary from employees where empid = 104);
— create a stored procedure
DELIMITER $$
Create Procedure GetEmpInfo()
Begin
select * from employees where salary > (select salary from employees where empid = 104);
End $$
DELIMITER ;
call GetEmpInfo();
drop Procedure GetEmpInfo;
— Features: exception handling, conditions and loops (While, Repeat),
— Creating a View
create view EmpData
as
Select EMPID, FNAME, LNAME, DOB, EMAIL, PHONE, DOJ, DEPTID from Employees;
select * from empdata;
— String functions: LTRIM, RTRIM, Replace, substring, COncat
select concat(fname,’.’,lname,’@wnbco.co’) from employees;
select fname, substring(fname, 3), substring(fname, -3) from employees;
import pymysql
con_str = pymysql.connect(host=“localhost”, user=“root”, password=“learnSQL”,database=“employees”)
cursor = con_str.cursor()
q1 = ”’Create Table PY_EMP (
EMPID INT PRIMARY KEY,
NAME VARCHAR(30),
CITY VARCHAR(15))
”’
#cursor.execute(q1)
q2 = ”’INSERT INTO PY_EMP VALUES(1,’Laxman’,’Hyderabad’)”’
cursor.execute(q2)
q2 = ”’INSERT INTO PY_EMP VALUES(2,’Rahul’,’Bangalore’)”’
cursor.execute(q2)
q3 = ”’Select * from Py_Emp”’
cursor.execute(q3)
results = cursor.fetchall()
for row in results:
print(row)
con_str.commit()
con_str.close()
PYTHON TRAINING SESSIONS SEP 2023
print( “sdfsadgdsgds” )
# inbuilt functions, followed with ()
# are for comments – you are asking Python to ignore the content after #
print(“5+3”)
print(5+3)
#print(sdfsadgdsgds)
print(“5+3=”,5+3,‘and’,“6*4=”,6*4)
# parameters are the values that we give to a function
# what’s your name?
print(“what’s your name?”)
# He asked, “how are you?”
print(‘He asked, “how are you?”‘)
#He asked, “what’s your name?”
print(”’He asked, “what’s your name?””’) # ”’ or “””
# escape character \
# \\ \t \new \’ …
print(“He asked, \”what’s your name?\”“)
value1 = 5
print(value1)
value1 = 10
print(value1)
sdfsadgdsgds = 100
print(sdfsadgdsgds)
# inbuilt functions, followed with ()
# are for comments – you are asking Python to ignore the content after #
print(“5+3”)
print(5+3)
#print(sdfsadgdsgds)
print(“5+3=”,5+3,‘and’,“6*4=”,6*4)
# parameters are the values that we give to a function
# what’s your name?
print(“what’s your name?”)
# He asked, “how are you?”
print(‘He asked, “how are you?”‘)
#He asked, “what’s your name?”
print(”’He asked, “what’s your name?””’) # ”’ or “””
# escape character \
# \\ \t \new \’ …
print(“He asked, \”what’s your name?\”“)
value1 = 5
print(value1)
value1 = 10
print(value1)
sdfsadgdsgds = 100
print(sdfsadgdsgds)
# variables
a= 5
asdfsaddsg = 10
cost = 25
product1, product2 = 100,120
total_cost = product1 + product2
# variable names should begin with alphabet, and it can contain numbers & _
# invalid names: 1var, num.one
a=35
”’
Multi-line comment
Basic data types:
1. integer (int) – non-decimal numbers both -ve and +ve: -99, -66,0,33,999
2. float (float) – decimal numbers both -ve and +ve: -45.8 , -66.0 , 0.0, 5.78984744
3. complex (complex) – square root of -ve numbers: square root of -1 is i (maths) j in Python
4. Boolean (bool) – True [1] or False [0]
5. String (str) – text content
”’
# type() – type of the data
number_ppl = 55
print(“Data type of number_ppl:”, type(number_ppl))
cost_price = 66.50
print(“type(cost_price): “, type(cost_price))
value1 = 9j
print(“type(value1): “,type(value1))
print(“Square of value1 = “, value1 * value1)
bool_val1 = True # False
print(“type(bool_val1): “,type(bool_val1))
text_val1 = “HELLO”
print(“Type of text_val1 = “,type(text_val1))
# Formatting the output
quantity = 31
cost = 19
total_cost = quantity * cost
# total cost of 51 pens which cost 19 will be total_cost rupees
print(“total cost of”,quantity,“pens which cost”,cost,“will be”,total_cost,“rupees”)
# f-string – formatting the string
print(f”total cost of {quantity} pens which cost {cost} will be {total_cost} rupees”)
quantity = 31; total_cost = 900
cost = total_cost / quantity
print(f”total cost of {quantity} pens which cost {cost:.2f} will be {total_cost} rupees”)
player,country,position = “Virat”,“India”,“Opener”;
print(f”Player {player:<15} plays for {country:^10} at {position:>15} position”);
player,country,position = “Mbwangagya”,“Zimbabwe”,“Wicket-keeper”;
print(f”Player {player:<15} plays for {country:^10} at {position:>15} position”);
a= 5
asdfsaddsg = 10
cost = 25
product1, product2 = 100,120
total_cost = product1 + product2
# variable names should begin with alphabet, and it can contain numbers & _
# invalid names: 1var, num.one
a=35
”’
Multi-line comment
Basic data types:
1. integer (int) – non-decimal numbers both -ve and +ve: -99, -66,0,33,999
2. float (float) – decimal numbers both -ve and +ve: -45.8 , -66.0 , 0.0, 5.78984744
3. complex (complex) – square root of -ve numbers: square root of -1 is i (maths) j in Python
4. Boolean (bool) – True [1] or False [0]
5. String (str) – text content
”’
# type() – type of the data
number_ppl = 55
print(“Data type of number_ppl:”, type(number_ppl))
cost_price = 66.50
print(“type(cost_price): “, type(cost_price))
value1 = 9j
print(“type(value1): “,type(value1))
print(“Square of value1 = “, value1 * value1)
bool_val1 = True # False
print(“type(bool_val1): “,type(bool_val1))
text_val1 = “HELLO”
print(“Type of text_val1 = “,type(text_val1))
# Formatting the output
quantity = 31
cost = 19
total_cost = quantity * cost
# total cost of 51 pens which cost 19 will be total_cost rupees
print(“total cost of”,quantity,“pens which cost”,cost,“will be”,total_cost,“rupees”)
# f-string – formatting the string
print(f”total cost of {quantity} pens which cost {cost} will be {total_cost} rupees”)
quantity = 31; total_cost = 900
cost = total_cost / quantity
print(f”total cost of {quantity} pens which cost {cost:.2f} will be {total_cost} rupees”)
player,country,position = “Virat”,“India”,“Opener”;
print(f”Player {player:<15} plays for {country:^10} at {position:>15} position”);
player,country,position = “Mbwangagya”,“Zimbabwe”,“Wicket-keeper”;
print(f”Player {player:<15} plays for {country:^10} at {position:>15} position”);
Read and Practice the flowchart and Algorithm:
# Operators in Python
# Arithematic Operators: + – * / // (int division), ** (power) % (modulus)
a = 13
b = 10
print(a+b)
print(a-b)
print(a*b)
print(a / b) # 1.3 – output is always float
print(a // b) # only integer – 1
print(a ** b) # 13 to the power of 10
# % – mod – gives you the remainder
print(a % b)
# relational /conditional operators: < > <= >= == !=
# asking question: is it ??? – output is always a bool value (T/F)
print(“Relational: “)
a,b,c = 10,10,13
print(a < b) # is a less than b ? F
print(b > c) # F
print(a<=b) # T
print(b >= c) # F
print(a==b) # is equal to ? – T
print(a!=b) # F
# Logical operators: and or not
# input and output – both are bool
”’
Prediction 1: Rohit and Ishan will open the batting – F
Prediction 2: Rohit or Ishan will open the batting – T
Actual: Rohit and Gill opened the batting
When using AND – Everything condition has to be true to be True
When using OR – Even one condition is true, result will be True
Not taken only 1 input: Not True = False, Not F=T
”’
a,b,c = 10,10,13
print(a < b and b > c or a<=b and b >= c or a==b and a!=b)
# F
## Input() – is used to read values from the user
# int() float() str() complex() bool()
num1 = input(“Enter a number to add: “)
num1 = int(num1) #explicit conversion
print(num1, “and the data type is”,type(num1))
num2 = int(input(“Enter second number: “))
s = num1 + num2 #implicit conversion
print(“Sum of two numbers: “,s)
## A program to convert Celcius to Fahrenheit
c = float(input(“Enter the degree celcius value: “))
f = (9*c/5) + 32
print(“Equivalent temperature in Fahrenheit = “,f)
## Program to find area and perimeter of a rectangle
l = int(input(“Enter length of the rectangle: “))
b = int(input(“Enter breadth of the rectangle: “))
a = l * b
p = 2*(l+b)
print(f”Rectangle with length {l} and breadth {b} will have area as {a} and perimeter as {p}“)
”’
ASSIGNMENT:
1. WAP to convert cm to inches
2. WAP to calculate area and circumference of a circle
3. WAP to calculate average of three given values
4. Input the maximum and minimum temperature recorded in a day and calculate
the average temperature for the day.
5. Convert the distance entered in metres to kilometres.
6. Write a program in C to interchange two integer numbers a and b.
7. WAP to input a,b,c and calculate z as a*b-c
8. WAP to input a two digit number and then interchange the values at 1s and 10s place:
e.g. 65 -> 56 , 83 -> 38
”’
# Arithematic Operators: + – * / // (int division), ** (power) % (modulus)
a = 13
b = 10
print(a+b)
print(a-b)
print(a*b)
print(a / b) # 1.3 – output is always float
print(a // b) # only integer – 1
print(a ** b) # 13 to the power of 10
# % – mod – gives you the remainder
print(a % b)
# relational /conditional operators: < > <= >= == !=
# asking question: is it ??? – output is always a bool value (T/F)
print(“Relational: “)
a,b,c = 10,10,13
print(a < b) # is a less than b ? F
print(b > c) # F
print(a<=b) # T
print(b >= c) # F
print(a==b) # is equal to ? – T
print(a!=b) # F
# Logical operators: and or not
# input and output – both are bool
”’
Prediction 1: Rohit and Ishan will open the batting – F
Prediction 2: Rohit or Ishan will open the batting – T
Actual: Rohit and Gill opened the batting
When using AND – Everything condition has to be true to be True
When using OR – Even one condition is true, result will be True
Not taken only 1 input: Not True = False, Not F=T
”’
a,b,c = 10,10,13
print(a < b and b > c or a<=b and b >= c or a==b and a!=b)
# F
## Input() – is used to read values from the user
# int() float() str() complex() bool()
num1 = input(“Enter a number to add: “)
num1 = int(num1) #explicit conversion
print(num1, “and the data type is”,type(num1))
num2 = int(input(“Enter second number: “))
s = num1 + num2 #implicit conversion
print(“Sum of two numbers: “,s)
## A program to convert Celcius to Fahrenheit
c = float(input(“Enter the degree celcius value: “))
f = (9*c/5) + 32
print(“Equivalent temperature in Fahrenheit = “,f)
## Program to find area and perimeter of a rectangle
l = int(input(“Enter length of the rectangle: “))
b = int(input(“Enter breadth of the rectangle: “))
a = l * b
p = 2*(l+b)
print(f”Rectangle with length {l} and breadth {b} will have area as {a} and perimeter as {p}“)
”’
ASSIGNMENT:
1. WAP to convert cm to inches
2. WAP to calculate area and circumference of a circle
3. WAP to calculate average of three given values
4. Input the maximum and minimum temperature recorded in a day and calculate
the average temperature for the day.
5. Convert the distance entered in metres to kilometres.
6. Write a program in C to interchange two integer numbers a and b.
7. WAP to input a,b,c and calculate z as a*b-c
8. WAP to input a two digit number and then interchange the values at 1s and 10s place:
e.g. 65 -> 56 , 83 -> 38
”’
# Conditions
# passed or failed based on the avg marks
print(“Pass”)
print(“Fail”)
avg = 55
if avg >=50: # if executes only if the condition is True
print(“Pass”)
print(“Congratulations”)
else: # above condition is False then else
print(“Fail”)
print(“Please try again next time”)
print(“Second option”)
”’
avg >= 80: Grade A: IF
avg>=70: Grade B ELIF
avg >=60: Grade C ELIF
avg >=50: Grade D ELIF
avg <50 (else): Grade E : ELSE
avg > 90: print(“Awesome”)
”’
avg =95
if avg>=80:
print(“Grade A”)
print(“Chocolate”)
if avg >= 90:
print(“Awesome”)
elif avg>=70:
print(“Grade B”)
print(“Chocolate”)
elif avg >=60:
print(“Grade C”)
elif avg >=50:
print(“Grade D”)
else:
print(“Grade E”)
avg = 85
# if 70 <= avg
if avg>=70:
if 70 < avg:
print(“Grade A”)
if avg >=90:
print(“Awesome”)
else:
print(“Grade B”)
print(“Chocolate”)
elif avg>=60:
print(“Grade C”)
elif avg >=50:
print(“Grade D”)
else:
print(“Grade E”)
a,b,c = 40,40,40
if a>=b and a>=c:
print(“A is greatest”)
if b>=c and b>=a:
print(“B is greatest”)
if c>=a and c>=b:
print(“C is greatest”)
# passed or failed based on the avg marks
print(“Pass”)
print(“Fail”)
avg = 55
if avg >=50: # if executes only if the condition is True
print(“Pass”)
print(“Congratulations”)
else: # above condition is False then else
print(“Fail”)
print(“Please try again next time”)
print(“Second option”)
”’
avg >= 80: Grade A: IF
avg>=70: Grade B ELIF
avg >=60: Grade C ELIF
avg >=50: Grade D ELIF
avg <50 (else): Grade E : ELSE
avg > 90: print(“Awesome”)
”’
avg =95
if avg>=80:
print(“Grade A”)
print(“Chocolate”)
if avg >= 90:
print(“Awesome”)
elif avg>=70:
print(“Grade B”)
print(“Chocolate”)
elif avg >=60:
print(“Grade C”)
elif avg >=50:
print(“Grade D”)
else:
print(“Grade E”)
avg = 85
# if 70 <= avg
if avg>=70:
if 70 < avg:
print(“Grade A”)
if avg >=90:
print(“Awesome”)
else:
print(“Grade B”)
print(“Chocolate”)
elif avg>=60:
print(“Grade C”)
elif avg >=50:
print(“Grade D”)
else:
print(“Grade E”)
a,b,c = 40,40,40
if a>=b and a>=c:
print(“A is greatest”)
if b>=c and b>=a:
print(“B is greatest”)
if c>=a and c>=b:
print(“C is greatest”)
# WAP to input a number and check if its Odd or even
num = int(input(“Enter a number: “))
if num<0:
print(“Its negative”)
elif num>0:
print(“Its positive”)
else:
print(“Its neither positive nor negative”)
if num %2==0:
print(“Its even number”)
else:
print(“Its odd”)
print(” ============= “)
if num<0:
print(“Its negative”)
else:
if num==0:
print(“Its neither positive nor negative”)
print(“Its even number”)
else:
print(“Its positive”)
if num%2==0:
print(“Its even number”)
else:
print(“Its odd”)
”’
Loops: Repeating a certain block of code multiple times
1. You know how many times to repeat : FOR loop
2. When you have a condition to repeat: WHILE loop
range(=start, <stop, =step)
range(5,17,4): 5, 9, 13
range(=start, <stop) – default step is 1
range(4,9) : 4, 5,6,7,8
range(<stop) : start = 0, step = 1
range(5): 0, 1,2, 3, 4
”’
for i in range(5,17,4):
print(“HELLO”)
print(“Value of i:”,i)
for i in range(4,9):
print(“HELLO AGAIN!”)
print(“Value of i:”,i)
for i in range(5):
print(“How are you?”)
print(“Value of i:”,i)
## While: should have condition and loop repeats only when the condition is true
cont = “yes”
i=0
while cont==“yes”:
print(“HELLO : “,i)
i+=5 # i = i + 5
if i>50:
cont = “No”
num = int(input(“Enter a number: “))
if num<0:
print(“Its negative”)
elif num>0:
print(“Its positive”)
else:
print(“Its neither positive nor negative”)
if num %2==0:
print(“Its even number”)
else:
print(“Its odd”)
print(” ============= “)
if num<0:
print(“Its negative”)
else:
if num==0:
print(“Its neither positive nor negative”)
print(“Its even number”)
else:
print(“Its positive”)
if num%2==0:
print(“Its even number”)
else:
print(“Its odd”)
”’
Loops: Repeating a certain block of code multiple times
1. You know how many times to repeat : FOR loop
2. When you have a condition to repeat: WHILE loop
range(=start, <stop, =step)
range(5,17,4): 5, 9, 13
range(=start, <stop) – default step is 1
range(4,9) : 4, 5,6,7,8
range(<stop) : start = 0, step = 1
range(5): 0, 1,2, 3, 4
”’
for i in range(5,17,4):
print(“HELLO”)
print(“Value of i:”,i)
for i in range(4,9):
print(“HELLO AGAIN!”)
print(“Value of i:”,i)
for i in range(5):
print(“How are you?”)
print(“Value of i:”,i)
## While: should have condition and loop repeats only when the condition is true
cont = “yes”
i=0
while cont==“yes”:
print(“HELLO : “,i)
i+=5 # i = i + 5
if i>50:
cont = “No”
for i in range(1,11):
print(i,end=” : “)
print()
a,b,c,d,e = 50,60,50,60,70
total = a + b+c+d+e
total2 =0
for i in range(5):
val = int(input(“Enter the number: “))
total2 +=val # total2 = total2 + val
print(“Total sum of all the values from the loop = “,total2)
# * * * * *
for i in range(5):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
”’
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
”’
for j in range(5):
for i in range(5):
print(“*”, end=” “)
print()
”’
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
”’
for j in range(5):
for i in range(j+1):
print(“*”, end=” “)
print()
## For loop
”’
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
”’
for i in range(5):
for j in range(i+1):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
”’
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
”’
for i in range(5):
for j in range(5-i):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
”’
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
”’
for i in range(5):
for j in range(i):
print(” “,end=“”)
for j in range(5-i):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
”’
Assignment:
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
”’
”’
Option 1: implementing While using a condition
”’
cont =“Y”
while cont==“Y”:
num1 = int(input(“Enter a number: “))
num2 = int(input(“Enter a number: “))
print(“Choose your option:”)
print(“1. Addition”)
print(“2. Subtraction”)
print(“3. Multiplication”)
print(“4. Division”)
print(“99. Exit”)
ch=input(“Enter your choice of operation:”)
if ch==“1”:
print(“Addition = “,num1 + num2)
elif ch==“2”:
print(“Subtraction = “, num1 – num2)
elif ch==“3”:
print(“Multiplication = “, num1 * num2)
elif ch==“4”:
print(“Division = “, num1 / num2)
elif ch==“99”:
#pass
cont=“N”
else:
print(“Invalid Input”)
print(“option1: going for one more iteration…”)
”’
Option 2: implementing While using True
”’
print(“Running option 2:”)
while True:
num1 = int(input(“Enter a number: “))
num2 = int(input(“Enter a number: “))
print(“Choose your option:”)
print(“1. Addition”)
print(“2. Subtraction”)
print(“3. Multiplication”)
print(“4. Division”)
print(“99. Exit”)
ch=input(“Enter your choice of operation:”)
if ch==“1”:
print(“Addition = “,num1 + num2)
elif ch==“2”:
print(“Subtraction = “, num1 – num2)
elif ch==“3”:
print(“Multiplication = “, num1 * num2)
elif ch==“4”:
print(“Division = “, num1 / num2)
elif ch==“99”:
break # it breaks the loop
else:
print(“Invalid Input”)
print(“option2: going for one more iteration…”)
”’
Assignments:
1. Generate Prime numbers between given values
2. WAP to calculate average and grade for the given number of students
3. Calculate area for given choice of shape till user wants
4. Generate fibonacci series numbers till user says so
”’
”’
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
”’
for i in range(5):
for j in range(i+1):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
”’
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
”’
for i in range(5):
for j in range(5-i):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
”’
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
”’
for i in range(5):
for j in range(i):
print(” “,end=“”)
for j in range(5-i):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()
”’
Assignment:
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
”’
”’
Option 1: implementing While using a condition
”’
cont =“Y”
while cont==“Y”:
num1 = int(input(“Enter a number: “))
num2 = int(input(“Enter a number: “))
print(“Choose your option:”)
print(“1. Addition”)
print(“2. Subtraction”)
print(“3. Multiplication”)
print(“4. Division”)
print(“99. Exit”)
ch=input(“Enter your choice of operation:”)
if ch==“1”:
print(“Addition = “,num1 + num2)
elif ch==“2”:
print(“Subtraction = “, num1 – num2)
elif ch==“3”:
print(“Multiplication = “, num1 * num2)
elif ch==“4”:
print(“Division = “, num1 / num2)
elif ch==“99”:
#pass
cont=“N”
else:
print(“Invalid Input”)
print(“option1: going for one more iteration…”)
”’
Option 2: implementing While using True
”’
print(“Running option 2:”)
while True:
num1 = int(input(“Enter a number: “))
num2 = int(input(“Enter a number: “))
print(“Choose your option:”)
print(“1. Addition”)
print(“2. Subtraction”)
print(“3. Multiplication”)
print(“4. Division”)
print(“99. Exit”)
ch=input(“Enter your choice of operation:”)
if ch==“1”:
print(“Addition = “,num1 + num2)
elif ch==“2”:
print(“Subtraction = “, num1 – num2)
elif ch==“3”:
print(“Multiplication = “, num1 * num2)
elif ch==“4”:
print(“Division = “, num1 / num2)
elif ch==“99”:
break # it breaks the loop
else:
print(“Invalid Input”)
print(“option2: going for one more iteration…”)
”’
Assignments:
1. Generate Prime numbers between given values
2. WAP to calculate average and grade for the given number of students
3. Calculate area for given choice of shape till user wants
4. Generate fibonacci series numbers till user says so
”’
Below programs to be done later
num= 5
if num<0:
print(“Positive”)
elif num>0:
pass
else:
pass
import random
number = random.randint(1,100)
count = 0
while True:
guess=int(input(“Guess the number (1-100):”))
count+=1
if guess <1 or guess>100:
print(“Invalid guess, try again”)
continue
elif number==guess:
print(f”You have correctly guessed the number in {count} attempts”)
break
elif number < guess:
print(“You have guessed a higher number. Try again…”)
else:
print(“You have guessed a lower number. Try again…”)
print(“Hello”)
print(“How are you?”)
print(“Hello”, end=“. “)
print(“How are you?”)
###############
# String
var1 = “HELLO”
var2 = ‘how are you there?’
# triple quotes can have multiline of text
var3 = ”’I am fine”’
var4 = “””I am here”””
print(var1,var2,var3,var4)
print(type(var1),type(var2),type(var3),type(var4))
var3 = ”’I am fine
I am doing well
I am alright”’
var4 = “””I am here
I am there
I am everywhere”””
print(var3)
print(var4)
# len() – gives you number of characters in a string
print(len(“hello”))
v1 = “hello”
print(len(v1))
if num<0:
print(“Positive”)
elif num>0:
pass
else:
pass
import random
number = random.randint(1,100)
count = 0
while True:
guess=int(input(“Guess the number (1-100):”))
count+=1
if guess <1 or guess>100:
print(“Invalid guess, try again”)
continue
elif number==guess:
print(f”You have correctly guessed the number in {count} attempts”)
break
elif number < guess:
print(“You have guessed a higher number. Try again…”)
else:
print(“You have guessed a lower number. Try again…”)
print(“Hello”)
print(“How are you?”)
print(“Hello”, end=“. “)
print(“How are you?”)
###############
# String
var1 = “HELLO”
var2 = ‘how are you there?’
# triple quotes can have multiline of text
var3 = ”’I am fine”’
var4 = “””I am here”””
print(var1,var2,var3,var4)
print(type(var1),type(var2),type(var3),type(var4))
var3 = ”’I am fine
I am doing well
I am alright”’
var4 = “””I am here
I am there
I am everywhere”””
print(var3)
print(var4)
# len() – gives you number of characters in a string
print(len(“hello”))
v1 = “hello”
print(len(v1))
#string
var1 = “HELLO”
var2 = “THERE”
# operations
print(var1 + var2)
print((var1+” “) * 5)
for i in var1:
print(i)
print(” indexing – [] , position starts from 0″)
var1 = “HELLO”
print(var1[0])
print(var1[4])
#backward index – starts from minus 1
print(var1[-1], var1[-5])
print(var1[len(var1)-1], var1[-1])
# strings are immutable – you cant edit/ you can replace
var1 = “hELLO there”
print(var1)
#var1[0] = ‘H’ TypeError: ‘str’ object does not support item assignment
# : to read continuous set of values
# need 2 to 4 element
print(var1[1:4])
print(“First 3 elements: “, var1[0:3],var1[:3], var1[-5:-2], var1[-len(var1):-len(var1)+3])
print(“Last 3 elements: “,var1[-3:])
print(“Content: “,var1, var1[:])
var1 = “HELLO”
var2 = “THERE”
# operations
print(var1 + var2)
print((var1+” “) * 5)
for i in var1:
print(i)
print(” indexing – [] , position starts from 0″)
var1 = “HELLO”
print(var1[0])
print(var1[4])
#backward index – starts from minus 1
print(var1[-1], var1[-5])
print(var1[len(var1)-1], var1[-1])
# strings are immutable – you cant edit/ you can replace
var1 = “hELLO there”
print(var1)
#var1[0] = ‘H’ TypeError: ‘str’ object does not support item assignment
# : to read continuous set of values
# need 2 to 4 element
print(var1[1:4])
print(“First 3 elements: “, var1[0:3],var1[:3], var1[-5:-2], var1[-len(var1):-len(var1)+3])
print(“Last 3 elements: “,var1[-3:])
print(“Content: “,var1, var1[:])
str1 =“Hello”
print(str1.isalpha())
print(str1.isdigit())
print(str1.isalnum())
print(str1.istitle())
val1 = input(“Enter a number: “)
if val1.isdigit():
val1 = int(val1)
else:
print(“You have not entered a valid number”)
#
val1 = “heLLo”
print(“lowe:”,val1.lower())
print(“upper: “,val1.upper())
# Indian citizen and over 18 yrs of age
check =0
age = int(input(“Enter your age: “))
citizen = input(“Enter your country of citizenship:”)
citizen = citizen.upper()
if age>=18 and citizen == “INDIA”:
print(“You are eligible to vote in India”)
else:
print(“You are not eligible to vote in India”)
#
str1 = “How are you?”
print(str1.isalpha())
print(“Count: “,str1.count(“o”))
if str1.count(“o”,3,10)>0:
print(“Index: “,str1.index(“o”,3,10))
else:
print(“Value o not in the given range”)
print(“FIND: “,str1.find(“o”,3,10))
print(“FIND: “,str1.find(“o”,3,7)) # -1 means value not found
str2 = ” h e l l o “
print(“Len 1: “,len(str2))
str2 = str2.strip()
print(str2)
print(“Len 2: “,len(str2))
str3 = “I am fine how are you are you fine or more than fine what?”
print(str3.split()) #output of split is a list
print(str3.split(“a”))
val2 = str3.split()
print(“Data type of val2:”,type(val2))
print(“Join = “,“…”.join(val2))
val4 = str3.replace(“fine”,“FINE”,2)
print(“Replace:”,val4)
print(str1.isalpha())
print(str1.isdigit())
print(str1.isalnum())
print(str1.istitle())
val1 = input(“Enter a number: “)
if val1.isdigit():
val1 = int(val1)
else:
print(“You have not entered a valid number”)
#
val1 = “heLLo”
print(“lowe:”,val1.lower())
print(“upper: “,val1.upper())
# Indian citizen and over 18 yrs of age
check =0
age = int(input(“Enter your age: “))
citizen = input(“Enter your country of citizenship:”)
citizen = citizen.upper()
if age>=18 and citizen == “INDIA”:
print(“You are eligible to vote in India”)
else:
print(“You are not eligible to vote in India”)
#
str1 = “How are you?”
print(str1.isalpha())
print(“Count: “,str1.count(“o”))
if str1.count(“o”,3,10)>0:
print(“Index: “,str1.index(“o”,3,10))
else:
print(“Value o not in the given range”)
print(“FIND: “,str1.find(“o”,3,10))
print(“FIND: “,str1.find(“o”,3,7)) # -1 means value not found
str2 = ” h e l l o “
print(“Len 1: “,len(str2))
str2 = str2.strip()
print(str2)
print(“Len 2: “,len(str2))
str3 = “I am fine how are you are you fine or more than fine what?”
print(str3.split()) #output of split is a list
print(str3.split(“a”))
val2 = str3.split()
print(“Data type of val2:”,type(val2))
print(“Join = “,“…”.join(val2))
val4 = str3.replace(“fine”,“FINE”,2)
print(“Replace:”,val4)
# LIST – mutable linear ordered collection
l1 = []
print(type(l1))
l1 = [21,“Hello”, True,5.4]
print(l1[-1])
print(l1[1:3])
print(“Size of the list = “,len(l1))
l1[3] = [5.4, 6.9,8.0]
print(l1[:])
print(“Iterating over a list:”)
for i in l1:
print(i)
print(“Iterating over a list: done”)
a= l1[-1]
print(a[1])
print(“Type of 1st element: “, type(l1[0]))
## properties related to lists
l2 = [4,5,6]
l3=[“a”,“b”,“c”]
l4 = l2 + l3
print(l4)
l5 = l4 *3
print(l5)
#list methods
l2 = [4,5,6,5,6,6]
print(“Count of 5: “,l2.count(5))
search_val = 6
if l2.count(search_val) >0:
print(“Index: “,l2.index(search_val,3,5))
else:
print(“Something is wrong”)
# add elements to existing list
l2 = [4,5,6]
# append() : to add at the end of the list, and
# insert() : to add at any given position
l2.append(10)
l2.append(20)
print(l2)
l2.insert(1,8)
l2.insert(1,3)
print(l2)
”’
WAP to input marks of 5 students in 5 subjects and save them as list of marks
e.g. [[. . . . .],[. . . . .],[. . . . .],[. . . . .],[. . . . .]]
”’
# to delete elements from list, we use pop(index) and remove(value)
l2.remove(20)
print(“remove 20 from the list: “,l2)
l2.pop(3) #4th element in the list is deleted
print(“removing 4th element from the list: “,l2)
#reverse()
l2.reverse()
print(“L2 after reverse: “,l2)
#sort()
l2.sort() #default is increasing order
print(“L2 after sort: “,l2)
l2.sort(reverse=True) #sorting in reverse order- decreasing order
print(“List after reverse sorting:”,l2)
# extend() : l2 = l2 + l3
l3 = [10,30,20]
l2.extend(l3)
print(“L2 after extend: “,l2)
#copy() and =
l5 = l2 # they are pointing to each other
l6 = l2.copy() # creates a duplicate copy
print(“1. L2 = “,l2)
print(“1. L5 = “,l5)
print(“1. L6 = “,l6)
l2.append(77)
l5.append(88)
l6.append(99)
print(“2. L2 = “,l2)
print(“2. L5 = “,l5)
print(“2. L6 = “,l6)
#clear to remove all the value
l2.clear()
print(“L2 afer clear: “,l2)
del l2
#print(“After delete: “,l2) # NameError: name ‘l2’ is not defined.
# read marks of 3 students for 3 subjects
# [[],[],[]]
num_students = 3
num_subjects = 3
subjects = [‘Maths’,‘Physics’,‘Chemistry’]
students = [‘Rohit’,‘Surya’,‘Virat’]
master = []
for j in range(num_students):
print(“Accepting marks for the student “,students[j])
marks = []
for i in range(num_subjects):
m = int(input(“\tEnter the marks in “+subjects[i]+“: “))
marks.append(m)
master.append(marks)
print(“Marks = “,master)
print(“Marks for each student:”)
for i in range(num_students):
print(master[i])
”’
Extend the above program to find overall topper and each subject topper with marks
[[45, 56, 89], [98, 56, 45], [90, 87, 65]]
”’
# [[],[],[]]
num_students = 3
num_subjects = 3
subjects = [‘Maths’,‘Physics’,‘Chemistry’]
students = [‘Rohit’,‘Surya’,‘Virat’]
master = []
for j in range(num_students):
print(“Accepting marks for the student “,students[j])
marks = []
for i in range(num_subjects):
m = int(input(“\tEnter the marks in “+subjects[i]+“: “))
marks.append(m)
master.append(marks)
print(“Marks = “,master)
print(“Marks for each student:”)
for i in range(num_students):
print(master[i])
”’
Extend the above program to find overall topper and each subject topper with marks
[[45, 56, 89], [98, 56, 45], [90, 87, 65]]
”’
# Tuple: linear ordered immutable collection
l1 = [45,55,65]
l1[0] = 35
print(“L1: “,l1)
t1 = (45,55,65)
print(“1. type of t1:”,type(t1))
#t1[0] = 35 #’tuple’ object does not support item assignment
t1 = list(t1) # you convert tuple data to list
print(“2. type of t1:”,type(t1))
t1[0] = 35
t1 = tuple(t1)
print(“3. type of t1:”,type(t1))
print(“T1 = “,t1)
print(t1.count(35))
print(t1.index(35))
t2 = ()
print(“A. type = “,type(t2))
t2 = (2,)
print(“B. type = “,type(t2))
t2 = (2,6)
print(“B. type = “,type(t2))
t1 = (45,55,65) #packing
print(“Len = “,len(t1))
a,b,c = t1 #unpacking
print(a,b,c)
#compare the values
t3 = (4,5)
t4 = (4,1,99)
# dzat ear
print(“Last element: “,t4[-1])
for i in t4:
print(i)
print(” Dictionary – unordered mutable collection – with key:value pair”)
d1 = {}
print(“D1 type = “,type(d1))
d1 = {5:“Hello”, “Hello”:“Sachin Tendulkar”,“Runs”:25000, 5:“Mumbai”}
print(d1[5])
print(d1[“Hello”])
#keys have to be unique
# keys, values, items
print(“Keys: “,d1.keys())
print(“Values: “,d1.values())
print(“Items: “,d1.items())
for k,v in d1.items():
print(“K:V =”,k,“:”,v)
for k in d1.keys():
print(“K =”,k)
for v in d1.values():
print(“V =”,v)
d2 = {3:“Three”,6:“Six”,9:“Nine”}
d3 = {1:“Three”,2:“Six”,4:“Nine”}
d2.update(d3) # merge two dictionaries
print(d2)
d2.update(d2)
print(d2)
# Dictionary
dict1 = {}
temp_dict ={1:“One”,2:“Two”}
dict1.update(temp_dict) #dict1 = dict1 + temp
print(dict1)
”’
Assignment:
Read marks of 5 subjects for 5 students and save the data along with student’s names
”’
print(dict1[1])
dict1[1]=“Eleven”
print(dict1)
dict2 = dict1
dict3 = dict1.copy()
print(“1. Dict 1 = “,dict1)
print(“2. Dict 2 = “,dict2)
print(“3. Dict 3 = “,dict3)
dict1.update({3:“Three”})
dict3.popitem() # removes the value
print(“1. Dict 1 = “,dict1)
print(“2. Dict 2 = “,dict2)
print(“3. Dict 3 = “,dict3)
dict2.pop(2)
print(“1. Dict 1 = “,dict1)
dict2.clear()
print(dict1)
### SETS
set1 = {}
print(“Type of set1 = “,type(set1))
set1 = {5}
print(“Type of set1 = “,type(set1))
set2 = {2,4,6}
print(“Number of even numbers = “,len(set2))
print(set2)
# unordered linear mutable collection
# convert: set to list, list to set, set to tuple, tuple to set, list to tuple
list1 = [10,10,10,20,20,30]
list1 = list(set(list1))
print(list1)
set2.update({1,4,16})
print(“After update: “,set2)
set2.add(50)
print(“After add: “,set2)
# = and copy() works exactly like list and tuple
# union, intersection, minus, subset, subset
a = {1,3,5,7,8}
b = {2,4,6,8,7}
print(a.isdisjoint(b))
print(“# union”)
print(a.union(b))
print(a|b)
print(“# intersection”)
print(a.intersection(b))
print(a & b)
print(“#difference”)
print(a.difference(b))
print(a-b)
print(b.difference(a))
print(b-a)
print(“#symmetric difference”)
print(a ^b)
print(a.symmetric_difference(b))
# each of the above methods returns a new set
print(a)
print(b)
# if you dont want to create a new and update the first set instead:
# first_set…..update()
# first_set = first_set + ()
a.difference_update(b)
print(a)
dict1 = {}
temp_dict ={1:“One”,2:“Two”}
dict1.update(temp_dict) #dict1 = dict1 + temp
print(dict1)
”’
Assignment:
Read marks of 5 subjects for 5 students and save the data along with student’s names
”’
print(dict1[1])
dict1[1]=“Eleven”
print(dict1)
dict2 = dict1
dict3 = dict1.copy()
print(“1. Dict 1 = “,dict1)
print(“2. Dict 2 = “,dict2)
print(“3. Dict 3 = “,dict3)
dict1.update({3:“Three”})
dict3.popitem() # removes the value
print(“1. Dict 1 = “,dict1)
print(“2. Dict 2 = “,dict2)
print(“3. Dict 3 = “,dict3)
dict2.pop(2)
print(“1. Dict 1 = “,dict1)
dict2.clear()
print(dict1)
### SETS
set1 = {}
print(“Type of set1 = “,type(set1))
set1 = {5}
print(“Type of set1 = “,type(set1))
set2 = {2,4,6}
print(“Number of even numbers = “,len(set2))
print(set2)
# unordered linear mutable collection
# convert: set to list, list to set, set to tuple, tuple to set, list to tuple
list1 = [10,10,10,20,20,30]
list1 = list(set(list1))
print(list1)
set2.update({1,4,16})
print(“After update: “,set2)
set2.add(50)
print(“After add: “,set2)
# = and copy() works exactly like list and tuple
# union, intersection, minus, subset, subset
a = {1,3,5,7,8}
b = {2,4,6,8,7}
print(a.isdisjoint(b))
print(“# union”)
print(a.union(b))
print(a|b)
print(“# intersection”)
print(a.intersection(b))
print(a & b)
print(“#difference”)
print(a.difference(b))
print(a-b)
print(b.difference(a))
print(b-a)
print(“#symmetric difference”)
print(a ^b)
print(a.symmetric_difference(b))
# each of the above methods returns a new set
print(a)
print(b)
# if you dont want to create a new and update the first set instead:
# first_set…..update()
# first_set = first_set + ()
a.difference_update(b)
print(a)
# Functions
”’
Inbuilt functions: print() type() input()…
User defined functions: we are going to define
oneline function: lambda
function definition
function calling
”’
# defining the function – giving three statements a name
def sometext():
print(“WHo are you?”)
print(“What are you doing?”)
print(“Where are you going?”)
def sometext1():
print(“WHo are you?”)
print(“What are you doing?”)
print(“Where are you going?”)
return 100
def sometext2(name):
print(“WHo are you , Mr”,name)
print(“What are you doing, Mr”,name)
print(“Where are you going, Mr”,name)
def addition(a,b):
c = a + b
return c
sometext()
print(“doing something else”)
sometext()
print(“doing something else”)
sometext()
print(“Printing sometext(): “,sometext())
print(“Printing sometext1(): “,sometext1())
list1 = []
print(list1.append(5))
sometext2(“Sachin”)
print(“Addition of 5 and 10 is:”,addition(5,10))
”’
Inbuilt functions: print() type() input()…
User defined functions: we are going to define
oneline function: lambda
function definition
function calling
”’
# defining the function – giving three statements a name
def sometext():
print(“WHo are you?”)
print(“What are you doing?”)
print(“Where are you going?”)
def sometext1():
print(“WHo are you?”)
print(“What are you doing?”)
print(“Where are you going?”)
return 100
def sometext2(name):
print(“WHo are you , Mr”,name)
print(“What are you doing, Mr”,name)
print(“Where are you going, Mr”,name)
def addition(a,b):
c = a + b
return c
sometext()
print(“doing something else”)
sometext()
print(“doing something else”)
sometext()
print(“Printing sometext(): “,sometext())
print(“Printing sometext1(): “,sometext1())
list1 = []
print(list1.append(5))
sometext2(“Sachin”)
print(“Addition of 5 and 10 is:”,addition(5,10))
Computational Thinking Content
# LOGIC
# Logic 1: a > b , b>c , which is greater between a and c ?
# BOOLEAN Logic – will result in boolean values – 0 (False) or 1 (True)
# AND (multiplication) OR (addition) NOT (opposite)
# prediction: Rohit and Ishaan will open the batting for India today
# actual: Rohit and Gill opened the batting
”’
# AND
True and True: True
True and False: False
False and True: False
False and False: False
”’
# prediction: Rohit or Ishaan will open the batting for India today
# actual: Rohit and Gill opened the batting
”’
# OR
True or True: True
True or False: True
False or True: True
False or False: False
”’
# Logical operator is applied between two conditions
## Conditions – checking a value
# > < <= >= == !=
# Assignment
a = 5 # take a variable a and assign a value 5 to it
print(a)
#Condition
a == 5 #Is the value of a equal to 5 ?? answer will be a bool value: 0 (F) or 1 (T)
a=“hello” #assignment
a,b,c=10,20,10
print(a >b or b>c or b<=c and c>a or a<=b and a>=c or b==c and a==c and a!=c or a<b)
# F or T or F and False or True and True or false and True and False or True
# T
# variables can hold: numeric (integer, float, complex),
# string (text – character & string ), bool (True or False)
# Data types
–1/0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 = -infinity
# Logic 1: a > b , b>c , which is greater between a and c ?
# BOOLEAN Logic – will result in boolean values – 0 (False) or 1 (True)
# AND (multiplication) OR (addition) NOT (opposite)
# prediction: Rohit and Ishaan will open the batting for India today
# actual: Rohit and Gill opened the batting
”’
# AND
True and True: True
True and False: False
False and True: False
False and False: False
”’
# prediction: Rohit or Ishaan will open the batting for India today
# actual: Rohit and Gill opened the batting
”’
# OR
True or True: True
True or False: True
False or True: True
False or False: False
”’
# Logical operator is applied between two conditions
## Conditions – checking a value
# > < <= >= == !=
# Assignment
a = 5 # take a variable a and assign a value 5 to it
print(a)
#Condition
a == 5 #Is the value of a equal to 5 ?? answer will be a bool value: 0 (F) or 1 (T)
a=“hello” #assignment
a,b,c=10,20,10
print(a >b or b>c or b<=c and c>a or a<=b and a>=c or b==c and a==c and a!=c or a<b)
# F or T or F and False or True and True or false and True and False or True
# T
# variables can hold: numeric (integer, float, complex),
# string (text – character & string ), bool (True or False)
# Data types
–1/0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 = -infinity
Write detailed steps for making tea and draw flowchart.
Answer the questions from the below pdf - found on page numbers: 5, 7 and 14
Flowchart and C Programs by Swapnil Saurav on Scribd
Pseudocode Book by Swapnil Saurav on Scribd
Psuedocode to calculate Netpay with hourly rate and deduction. When gross pay is more
than 100 only then you deduct otherwise deduction is zero
READ name, hourlyRate, hoursWorked
grossPay = hourlyRate * hoursWorked
IF grossPay >= 100
READ deductionRate
deduction = grossPay * deductionRate
ELSE
deduction = 0
ENDIF
netPay = grossPay – deduction
WRITE name, grossPay, deduction, netPay
than 100 only then you deduct otherwise deduction is zero
READ name, hourlyRate, hoursWorked
grossPay = hourlyRate * hoursWorked
IF grossPay >= 100
READ deductionRate
deduction = grossPay * deductionRate
ELSE
deduction = 0
ENDIF
netPay = grossPay – deduction
WRITE name, grossPay, deduction, netPay
Calculate NetPay when:
1. If hourly rate is 10 and the person worked for 6 hrs, what is his net pay?
2. If hourly rate is 5 and the person worked for 16 hrs, what is his net pay?
3. If hourly rate is 10 and the person worked for 16 hrs, what is his net pay?
Given that deduction rate is 5%
2. If hourly rate is 5 and the person worked for 16 hrs, what is his net pay?
3. If hourly rate is 10 and the person worked for 16 hrs, what is his net pay?
Given that deduction rate is 5%
Replace name with below game number:
1. Solitaire
2. Doom
3. Monopoly
Check the highest value among the 3 numbers
Assignment: Read marks in 5 subject, calculate average and assign grades based on average.
1. Solitaire
2. Doom
3. Monopoly
Check the highest value among the 3 numbers
Assignment: Read marks in 5 subject, calculate average and assign grades based on average.
Avg > 80: Grade A
Avg > 70: Grade B
Avg > 60: Grade C
Avg > 40: Grade D
Avg < 40: Grade E
Scientists Who Made Contribution to Machine Learning
There are numerous scientists who have made significant contributions to the field of machine learning. Some of the most notable figures include:
- Arthur Samuel: Samuel coined the term “machine learning” and is known for his work on computer checkers, which pioneered the use of self-learning algorithms.
- Marvin Minsky: Minsky co-founded the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s (MIT) Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and made various contributions to machine learning, including the Perceptron, a machine learning algorithm that simulates neural networks.
- Geoffrey Hinton: Hinton is often referred to as the “godfather of deep learning” and has made profound contributions to artificial neural networks, specifically in the field of deep learning. He is famous for his work on backpropagation, Boltzmann machines, and convolutional neural networks.
- Yoshua Bengio: Bengio is a leading figure in deep learning and neural networks. He contributed to the development of recurrent neural networks and is known for his work on unsupervised learning and generative models.
- Andrew Ng: Ng co-founded Google Brain and contributed to the development of deep learning algorithms. He is well-known for his work on convolutional neural networks and his founding role in Coursera, an online learning platform.
- Yann LeCun: LeCun is renowned for his work on convolutional neural networks and is one of the pioneers of deep learning. He is currently the Director of AI Research at Facebook.
- Vladimir Vapnik: Vapnik co-invented the support vector machine (SVM), a powerful supervised learning algorithm. His work has had a significant impact on machine learning, particularly in the field of pattern recognition.
- Judea Pearl: Pearl is known for his work on causal inference, specifically Bayesian networks and graphical models. His contributions have greatly influenced the field of probabilistic reasoning in machine learning.
- Fei-Fei Li: Li is a leading researcher in computer vision and has contributed to the development of large-scale visual recognition models. She co-created ImageNet, a widely used database that has sparked advancements in image classification.
- Demis Hassabis: Hassabis is a co-founder of DeepMind, an AI research company that has made significant breakthroughs in machine learning. His work has focused on reinforcement learning and developing algorithms capable of mastering complex games, including Go and chess.
These are just a few examples of the numerous scientists who have made notable contributions to the field of machine learning. Many others have also played crucial roles in advancing the field and continue to do so.
Object Oriented Programming – Properties using Python
”’
ENCAPSULATION:
1. Giving required access to the user:
a. public access: public members can be called by any class from any where
b. protected access (_member): this behaves like public
c. private access (__member): This is visible only within the class (NOT Outside the class)
”’
class Patient:
total = 0
def getinfo(self, name,age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
self.__yob = 2023-age # private member
print(“Name is: “,self.name)
print(“Age is: “,self.age)
print(“You were born in the year”,self.__yob)
self._yearofbirth()
def _yearofbirth(self): # protected member
print(“Method: You were born in the year”,2023 –self.age)
class OutPatient(Patient):
def op_data(self,dept,hospital):
self.dept = dept
self.hospital = hospital
print(“Department: “,self.dept)
print(“Hosipital: “,self.hospital)
def fp_data2(self,a,b):
print(“OutPatient: Patient is from Dubai!”)
class ForeignPatient(OutPatient):
def fp_data(self):
print(“Patient is from Dubai!”)
def fp_data(self,a):
print(“Patient is from Dubai!”)
def fp_data3(self,a,b):
print(“ForeignPatient: Patient is from Dubai!”)
p1 = Patient()
p1.getinfo(“Sachin”,51)
print(p1.name)
#print(p1.__yob)
p1._yearofbirth()
# protected members, by definition it exists in Python but
# practically its like public members
op1 = OutPatient()
op1.op_data(“General Checkup”,“Apollo”)
op1.getinfo(“Virat”,35)
fp1 = ForeignPatient()
fp1.getinfo(“Warner”, 38)
#fp1.fp_data() – this would work in Java & C++ but not in Python
fp1.fp_data2(3,5)
#fp1.fp_data(7) – this would work in Java & C++ but not in Python
ENCAPSULATION:
1. Giving required access to the user:
a. public access: public members can be called by any class from any where
b. protected access (_member): this behaves like public
c. private access (__member): This is visible only within the class (NOT Outside the class)
”’
class Patient:
total = 0
def getinfo(self, name,age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
self.__yob = 2023-age # private member
print(“Name is: “,self.name)
print(“Age is: “,self.age)
print(“You were born in the year”,self.__yob)
self._yearofbirth()
def _yearofbirth(self): # protected member
print(“Method: You were born in the year”,2023 –self.age)
class OutPatient(Patient):
def op_data(self,dept,hospital):
self.dept = dept
self.hospital = hospital
print(“Department: “,self.dept)
print(“Hosipital: “,self.hospital)
def fp_data2(self,a,b):
print(“OutPatient: Patient is from Dubai!”)
class ForeignPatient(OutPatient):
def fp_data(self):
print(“Patient is from Dubai!”)
def fp_data(self,a):
print(“Patient is from Dubai!”)
def fp_data3(self,a,b):
print(“ForeignPatient: Patient is from Dubai!”)
p1 = Patient()
p1.getinfo(“Sachin”,51)
print(p1.name)
#print(p1.__yob)
p1._yearofbirth()
# protected members, by definition it exists in Python but
# practically its like public members
op1 = OutPatient()
op1.op_data(“General Checkup”,“Apollo”)
op1.getinfo(“Virat”,35)
fp1 = ForeignPatient()
fp1.getinfo(“Warner”, 38)
#fp1.fp_data() – this would work in Java & C++ but not in Python
fp1.fp_data2(3,5)
#fp1.fp_data(7) – this would work in Java & C++ but not in Python