Learning

Nov 22 2023

# We will implement Stack operations using List
# Last in First Out

class MyStack:
    def __init__(self):
        self.mystack = []

    def add_stack(self,val):
        #adding member
        self.mystack.append(val)

    def remove_stack(self):
        #remove from the list
        self.mystack.pop()

    def print_stack(self):
        print(“Values in the list are: \n“,self.mystack)

stack1 = MyStack()
stack1.add_stack(40)
stack1.add_stack(10)
stack1.add_stack(30)
stack1.add_stack(60)
stack1.add_stack(20)
stack1.print_stack()
stack1.remove_stack()
stack1.print_stack()
stack1.remove_stack()
stack1.print_stack()

DATASET FROM GITHUB TO PRACTICE SQL QUERY

SQL Syntax

Spark SQL is Apache Spark’s module for working with structured data. The SQL Syntax section describes the SQL syntax in detail along with usage examples when applicable. This document provides a list of Data Definition and Data Manipulation Statements, as well as Data Retrieval and Auxiliary Statements.

DDL Statements

DML Statements

Data Retrieval Statements

Auxiliary Statements

Complete Spark SQL Tutorial

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Learning

Sep 3 2023

Computational Thinking Content

# LOGIC

# Logic 1: a > b , b>c , which is greater between a and c ?
# BOOLEAN Logic – will result in boolean values – 0 (False) or 1 (True)
# AND (multiplication) OR (addition) NOT (opposite)

# prediction: Rohit and Ishaan will open the batting for India today
# actual: Rohit and Gill opened the batting
”’
# AND
True and True: True
True and False: False
False and True: False
False and False: False
”’
# prediction: Rohit or Ishaan will open the batting for India today
# actual: Rohit and Gill opened the batting
”’
# OR
True or True: True
True or False: True
False or True: True
False or False: False
”’
# Logical operator is applied between two conditions

## Conditions – checking a value
# > < <= >= == !=

# Assignment
a = 5 # take a variable a and assign a value 5 to it
print(a)

#Condition
a == 5 #Is the value of a equal to 5 ?? answer will be a bool value: 0 (F) or 1 (T)

a=“hello” #assignment

a,b,c=10,20,10

print(a >b or b>c or b<=c and c>a or a<=b and a>=c or b==c and a==c and a!=c or a<b)
# F or T or F and False or True and True or false and True and False or True
# T

# variables can hold: numeric (integer, float, complex),
# string (text – character & string ), bool (True or False)

# Data types

–1/0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 = -infinity

Write detailed steps for making tea and draw flowchart.

Unit 2 - Iterators in Compu... by Swapnil Saurav

Answer the questions from the below pdf - found on page numbers: 5, 7 and 14

Unit 1 - Dataset by Swapnil Saurav

Video - Types of Data and Measure of Central Tendency

Central Tendency - Importan... by Swapnil Saurav

Flowchart and C Programs by Swapnil Saurav on Scribd

Psuedocode book Link

Pseudocode Book by Swapnil Saurav on Scribd

Psuedocode to calculate Netpay with hourly rate and deduction. When gross pay is more
than 100 only then you deduct otherwise deduction is zero


READ name, hourlyRate, hoursWorked
grossPay = hourlyRate * hoursWorked
IF grossPay >= 100
    READ deductionRate
    deduction = grossPay * deductionRate
ELSE
    deduction = 0
ENDIF
netPay = grossPay – deduction
WRITE name, grossPay, deduction, netPay

Calculate NetPay when:
1. If hourly rate is 10 and the person worked for 6 hrs, what is his net pay? 
2. If hourly rate is 5 and the person worked for 16 hrs, what is his net pay?
3. If hourly rate is 10 and the person worked for 16 hrs, what is his net pay?
Given that deduction rate is 5%

Next problem: Ask the user their choice of game number and then print, “you have bought game name”Replace name with below game number:
1. Solitaire
2. Doom
3. Monopoly

Check the highest value among the 3 numbers

Assignment: Read marks in 5 subject, calculate average and assign grades based on average.
Avg > 80: Grade A
Avg > 70: Grade B
Avg > 60: Grade C
Avg > 40: Grade D
Avg < 40: Grade E

Our Discussion on 12th Sep

Our Discussion on 13th Sep

Sep 14 Discussion

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Learning Python Programming

Jul 21 2023

Data Structure using Python

### MAPS – based on Dictionaries
import collections
d1 = {“name”:“Sachin”,“city”:“Mumbai”,“age”:50}
d2 = {“sports”:“Hockey”,“team”:“India”,“Goals”:322}

output = collections.ChainMap(d1,d2)
print(output.maps)

print(“Keys = “,list(output.keys()))
print(“Values = “,list(output.values()))
print(“Items = “,list(output.items()))

# in operator
print(“Is city in the map? “,“city” in output)
print(“Value at city = “,output[“city”])
#update
output[“city”] = “Hyderabad”
print(output)

VIDEO 1: Array, 2D Array and ChainMap

# LINKED LIST: sequence of data elements
## Properties: Traverse, Insert & Delete
## Insert:  Begining, Middle, End
class Node:
    def __init__(self,data=None):
        self.value = data
        self.nextnode = None

class ListPointer:
    def __init__(self):
        self.head = None

    #function to traverse through the Linked List
    def traverse(self):
        header = self.head
        val=[]
        while header is not None:
            #print(“Value from the Linked List:”,header.value)
            val.append(header.value)
            header = header.nextnode
        return val
    # Inserting a node to the beginning of the linked List
    def Insert_Beginning(self,newdata):
        NewNode = Node(newdata)
        NewNode.nextnode = self.head
        self.head = NewNode
    #Inserting at the end
    def Insert_End(self,newdata):
        NewNode = Node(newdata)  #nextnode is null

        #check if there is existing node or not
        if self.head is None:
            self.head = NewNode
            return
        last = self.head
        while last.nextnode is not None:
            last = last.nextnode
        last.nextnode = NewNode

    #Inserting Between 2 Nodes
    def Insert_Between(self, betweennode, newdata):
        if betweennode is None:
            print(“The between Node is not available!”)
            return

        NewNode = Node(newdata)
        NewNode.nextnode = betweennode.nextnode
        betweennode.nextnode = NewNode

    #Remove a node
    def Remove(self,value):
        # check for 3 conditions – First, Inbetween and Last

        return


if __name__==“__main__”:
    list = ListPointer()    # created header
    list.head = Node(“January”)  # first node with value January and pointing to null
    n2 = Node(“February”)  # second node with value February and pointing to null
    list.head.nextnode = n2 #first node is now linked to second node
    n3 = Node(“March”) #third node with value March and pointing to null
    n2.nextnode = n3  #second node is now linked to third node

    # traversing through the list
    print(list.traverse())

    # add at the beginning
    list.Insert_Beginning(“December”)
    # traversing through the list
    print(list.traverse())

    #Add April at the end
    list.Insert_End(“April”)
    print(list.traverse())

    list.Insert_Between(n3,“November”)
    print(list.traverse())

    #remove

Video 2: Creating Linked List in Python

# LINKED LIST: sequence of data elements
## Properties: Traverse, Insert & Delete
## Insert:  Begining, Middle, End
class Node:
    def __init__(self,data=None):
        self.value = data
        self.nextnode = None

class ListPointer:
    def __init__(self):
        self.head = None

    #function to traverse through the Linked List
    def traverse(self):
        header = self.head
        val=[]
        while header is not None:
            #print(“Value from the Linked List:”,header.value)
            val.append(header.value)
            header = header.nextnode
        return val
    # Inserting a node to the beginning of the linked List
    def Insert_Beginning(self,newdata):
        NewNode = Node(newdata)
        NewNode.nextnode = self.head
        self.head = NewNode
    #Inserting at the end
    def Insert_End(self,newdata):
        NewNode = Node(newdata)  #nextnode is null

        #check if there is existing node or not
        if self.head is None:
            self.head = NewNode
            return
        last = self.head
        while last.nextnode is not None:
            last = last.nextnode
        last.nextnode = NewNode

    #Inserting Between 2 Nodes
    def Insert_Between(self, betweennode, newdata):
        if betweennode is None:
            print(“The between Node is not available!”)
            return

        NewNode = Node(newdata)
        NewNode.nextnode = betweennode.nextnode
        betweennode.nextnode = NewNode

    #Remove a node
    def Remove(self,value):
        # check for 3 conditions – First, Inbetween and Last
        header = self.head
        if header is None:
            # Do nothing – linked list is blank
            return

        if header is not None:
            if header.value == value:  #first node in the list to be removed
                self.head = header.nextnode
                header = None
        while header is not None:
            if header.value == value:
                break
            previous = header  #
            header = header.nextnode
        if header ==None: #you have reached last node and still value not matched
            #simply it means no value matched
            print(“Value not found in the linked list”)
            return

        previous.nextnode = header.nextnode
        header = None

        return


if __name__==“__main__”:
    list = ListPointer()    # created header
    list.head = Node(“January”)  # first node with value January and pointing to null
    n2 = Node(“February”)  # second node with value February and pointing to null
    list.head.nextnode = n2 #first node is now linked to second node
    n3 = Node(“March”) #third node with value March and pointing to null
    n2.nextnode = n3  #second node is now linked to third node

    # traversing through the list
    print(list.traverse())

    # add at the beginning
    list.Insert_Beginning(“December”)
    # traversing through the list
    print(list.traverse())

    #Add April at the end
    list.Insert_End(“April”)
    print(list.traverse())

    list.Insert_Between(n3,“November”)
    print(list.traverse())

    #remove
    list.Remove(‘December’)  # first value
    print(list.traverse())
    list.Remove(“March1”)
    print(list.traverse())

VIDEO 3: Deleting in Linked List Python

# Building Stack
# Push (last) and Pop (last)

# assignment: create a parent class for both Stack and Queue
##  and implement display function
class Stack:
    def __init__(self):
        self.stack = []

    def push(self, value):
        #do not accept duplicate values
        self.stack.append(value)
        return
    def pop(self):
        # what is there is no element to remove – handle
        self.stack.pop(-1)
        return
    def display(self):
        #print(self.stack)
        # handle empty
        if len(self.stack) !=0:
            return self.stack

class Queue:
    def __init__(self):
        self.queue = []

    def add(self,value):
        if value in self.queue:
            print(“This value is already in Queue”)
            return
        self.queue.append(value)
    def remove(self):
        if len(self.queue)>0:
            self.queue.pop(0)
        else:
            print(“Queue is empty!”)
    def display(self):
        if len(self.queue) !=0:
            return self.queue


class DoubleLinkedList:
    def __init__(self,data):
        self.data = data
        self.next = None
        self.prev = None


    def LRTraverse(self):
        pass
    def RLTravserse(self):
        pass

if __name__ ==“__main__”:
    import june2023 as st

    mystack = st.Stack()
    mystack.push(55)
    print(mystack.display())
    mystack.push(75)
    print(mystack.display())
    mystack.pop()
    print(mystack.display())

    myq = st.Queue()
    myq.add(55)
    print(myq.display())
    myq.add(75)
    print(myq.display())
    myq.remove()
    print(myq.display())

    ## DEQUEUE – Double ended queue
    import collections

    names = [‘Sachin’, ‘Virat’, ‘Dhoni’]
    dq = collections.deque(names)
    dq.pop()
    print(dq)
    dq.popleft()
    print(dq)
    dq.append()

Video 4: Stack Queue Dequeue DoubleLinkedList

Video 5: Hash Table and Sorting Discussion

#SORTING:  BUBBLE, LINEAR, INSERTION, SHELL, SELECTION

list1 = [10,30,70,20,80,40,60,50]

for i in range(len(list1)-1):
    for idx in range(0,len(list1)-1-i):
        if list1[idx] > list1[idx+1]:
            list1[idx],list1[idx+1] =list1[idx+1], list1[idx]

print(“Bubble Sorted List = “,list1)

list1 = [10,30,70,20,80,40,60,50]
for i in range(len(list1)-1):
    for idx in range(i+1,len(list1)):
        if list1[i] > list1[idx]:
            list1[i],list1[idx] =list1[idx], list1[i]

print(“Linear Sorted List = “,list1)

list1 = [10,30,70,20,80,40,60,50]

def merge(left,right):
    result = []
    while len(left)!=0 and len(right)!=0:
        if left[0] > right[0]:
            result.append(right[0])
            right.remove(right[0])
        else:
            result.append(left[0])
            left.remove(left[0])
    if len(left) ==0:
        result+=right
    else:
        result+=left
    return result
def divide(list1):
    if len(list1)<2:
        #print(“Merge Sort: “,list1)
        return list1
    else:
        center = len(list1) //2
        left_list = list1[:center]
        right_list = list1[center:]
        left_list = divide(left_list)
        right_list = divide(right_list)
        return list(merge(left_list,right_list))

print(“List 1 before Merge Sort: “,list1)
list1 = divide(list1)
print(“List 1 after Merge Sort: “,list1)

Video 6: Sorting - Bubble Linear and Merge sort

list1 = [80,70,60,50,40,30,20,10]

#for k in range(len(list1)-1):
for i in range(1,len(list1)):
    j = i-1 #represents sorted array
    next = list1[i]  # unsorted array
    while list1[j] > next and j>=0:
        list1[j+1] = list1[j]
        j=j-1

    list1[j+1] = next

print(“Insertion Sort: “,list1)

#Shell sort
list1 = [80,70,60,50,40,30,20,10]
gap = len(list1) // 2

while gap >0:
    for i in range(gap,len(list1)):
        value = list1[i]
        j=i  #tracker
        while j>=gap and list1[j-gap] > value:
            list1[j] = list1[j-gap]
            j=j-gap
        list1[j] = value
    gap=gap//2
    print(list1)

## Shell sort:  o(n square) BEST O(nlongn) worst case

Video 7: Sorting - Shell Sort and Insertion Sort

# Search
l1 = [10,50,30,70,40,20]
num = 10
idx = 0
found = False
for i in range(len(l1)):
    if num==l1[i]:
        found=True
        idx = i
        break

if found:
    print(f”{num} is in the list at {idx}“)
else:
    print(f”{num} is not in the list”)

#
num = 10
idx = 0
found = False
while idx<len(l1) and found is False:
    if num==l1[idx]:
        found=True
    else:
        idx+=1
if found:
    print(f”{num} is in the list at {idx}“)
else:
    print(f”{num} is not in the list”)


# Binary Search: works on sorted list
l1 = [10,50,30,70,40,20]
l1.sort()  #sort the list before use
print(l1)
num = 10
idx = 0
found = False
low,high = 0, len(l1)
while low<high and found is False:
    mid = (low+high)//2
    if l1[mid] == num:
        idx=mid
        found=True
    elif l1[mid] > num:
        high = mid-1
    else:
        low = mid+1
if found:
    print(f”Binary Search: {num} is in the list at {idx}“)
else:
    print(f”Binary Search: {num} is not in the list”)

##  BINARY TREE

class Node:
    def __init__(self,key):
        self.value = key
        self.left = None
        self.right = None
    #Preorder traversal
    def pretraverse(self):
        print(self.value, end=“, “)
        if self.left:
            self.left.pretraverse()
        if self.right:
            self.right.pretraverse()
    def intraverse(self):
        if self.left:
            self.left.intraverse()
        print(self.value, end=“, “)
        if self.right:
            self.right.intraverse()


root = Node(1)
root.left = Node(2)
root.right = Node(3)
root.left.left = Node(4)
root.left.right = Node(5)
root.right.left = Node(6)
root.right.right = Node(7)
root.pretraverse()
print(“\n In traverse:”)
root.intraverse()

Video 8: Search (Linear and Binary) and Binary Tree and Traversal

# Quick sort: divide and conquer
##  pick a pivot element:
    # 1. first number is pivot
    # 2. last number is pivot
# divide the list based on this pivot value:
# left list (numbers < pivot) and right list (numbers > pivot)
l1 = [90,80,70,60,50,40,30,20,10]
def QuickSortAlgo(l1, low,high):
    if low < high:
        pivot = l1[high]
        ##logic to partition the dataset into 2 parts
        i=low-1
        for j in range(low, high):
            if l1[j] <= pivot:
                i+=1
                l1[i],l1[j] = l1[j],l1[i]
        l1[i+1], l1[high] = l1[high], l1[i+1]
        pivot = i+1
        ##

        #Partioning the left sub-list
        QuickSortAlgo(l1,low,pivot-1)

        # Partioning the right sub-list
        QuickSortAlgo(l1, pivot + 1, high)



size = len(l1)
QuickSortAlgo(l1, 0,size-1)
print(“Sorted list: \n“,l1)

def sum_n(n):
    if n==0:
        return 0
    else:
        return n + sum_n(n-1)

ans = sum_n(10)
print(ans)

# 10 + 9 + 8 + .. 0

def fibo(n):
    if n <=1:
        return n
    else:
        return fibo(n-2) + fibo(n-1)

# fibo(4)= fibo(2) + fibo(3) = 0 + 1 + 1 + 0 + 1 = 3
for i in range(15):
    print(fibo(i))

Video 9: Sorting (QuickSort), Recursion (examples)

def toh_rec(n_disk, source,inter, target):
    if n_disk ==1:
        print(f”Move disk 1 from Tower {source} to Tower {target}“)
        return
    toh_rec(n_disk-1, source,target, inter)
    print(f”Move disk {n_disk} from Tower {source} to Tower {target}“)
    toh_rec(n_disk – 1, inter, source, target)

disks = 3
toh_rec(disks, “Source”,“Inter”,“Target”)

## Backtracking

Video 10: Tower of Hanoi & Intro to Backtracking

# CIRCULAR DOUBLY LINKED LIST

class Node:
    def __init__(self, data):
        self.data = data
        self.next = None
        self.prev = None

class CircularDLL:
    def __init__(self):
        self.first = None
    def getnode(self,index):
        current = self.first
        for i in range(index):
            current = current.next
            if current == self.first:
                return None
        return current
    def insertafter(self, beforenode, newnode):
        newnode.prev = beforenode
        newnode.next = beforenode.next
        newnode.next.prev = newnode
        beforenode.next = newnode

    def insertbefore(self,beforenode, node):
        self.insertafter(beforenode.prev, node)

    def insertbegin(self,node):
        self.insertend(node)
        self.first = node

    def insertend(self,node):
        if self.first is None:
            self.first = node
            node.next = node
            node.prev = node
        else:
            self.insertafter(self.first.prev)

    def remove(self):
        pass

    def display(self):
        pass

#Main Menu
print(“Type the operation you want to perform: “)
print(“insert <data> after <index>”)
print(“insert <data> before <index>”)
print(“insert <data> at beginning”)
print(“insert <data> at end”)
print(“remove <index>”)
print(“display”)
print(“quit”)
cdll = CircularDLL()
while True:
    print(“The values in the Circular Doubly Linked List are: “)
    cdll.display()
    ch=input(“What do you want to do?”)
    ch = ch.lower().strip().split()
    print(“CH = “,ch)
    if ch[0]==“insert”:
        value = int(ch[1])
        newNode = Node(value)

        if ch[2]==“after”:
            data = cdll.getnode(int(ch[3]))
            if data is None:
                print(“Given index doesnt exist”)
            else:
                cdll.insertafter(data, newNode)

        elif ch[2]==“before”:
            cdll.insertbefore(newNode)
        elif ch[2]==“at”:
            if ch[3]==“beginning”:
                cdll.insertbegin(newNode)

            elif ch[3]==“end”:
                cdll.insertend(newNode)
            else:
                print(“Error! Try again!”)
                continue
        else:
            print(“Error! Try again!”)
            continue
    elif ch[0]==“remove”:
        idx = int(ch[1])
        idx_node = cdll.getnode(idx)
        if idx_node is None:
            print(“No such index, cant perform remove option.”)
            continue
        # if condition is false
        cdll.remove()
    elif ch[0]==“display”:
        print(“The values in the Circular Doubly Linked List are: “)
        cdll.display()

    elif ch[0]==“quit”:
        break
    else:
        print(“Invalid option, try again!”)

VIDEO 11: Working with Doubly Linked List - Part 1

# CIRCULAR DOUBLY LINKED LIST

class Node:
    def __init__(self, data):
        self.data = data
        self.next = None
        self.prev = None

class CircularDLL:
    def __init__(self):
        self.first = None
    def getnode(self,index):
        current = self.first
        for i in range(index):
            current = current.next
            if current == self.first:
                return None
        return current
    def insertafter(self, beforenode, newnode):
        newnode.prev = beforenode
        newnode.next = beforenode.next
        newnode.next.prev = newnode
        beforenode.next = newnode

    def insertbefore(self,beforenode, node):
        self.insertafter(beforenode.prev, node)

    def insertbegin(self,node):
        self.insertend(node)
        self.first = node

    def insertend(self,node):
        if self.first is None:
            self.first = node
            node.next = node
            node.prev = node
        else:
            self.insertafter(self.first.prev,node)

    def remove(self, node):
        if self.first.next == self.first:
            self.first = None
        else:
            node.prev.next = node.next
            node.next.prev = node.prev
            if self.first == node:
                self.first = node.next # node.prev

    def display(self):
        if self.first is None:
            print(“NO VALUES”)
            return
        current = self.first
        print(“\n“)
        while True:
            print(current.data, end=‘, ‘)
            current = current.next
            if current == self.first:
                break
        print(“\n“)
#Main Menu
print(“Type the operation you want to perform: “)
print(“insert <data> after <index>”)
print(“insert <data> before <index>”)
print(“insert <data> at beginning”)
print(“insert <data> at end”)
print(“remove <index>”)
print(“display”)
print(“quit”)
cdll = CircularDLL()
while True:
    print(“The values in the Circular Doubly Linked List are: “)
    cdll.display()
    ch=input(“What do you want to do?”)
    ch = ch.lower().strip().split()
    print(“CH = “,ch)
    if ch[0]==“insert”:
        value = int(ch[1])
        newNode = Node(value)

        if ch[2]==“after”:
            data = cdll.getnode(int(ch[3]))
            if data is None:
                print(“Given index doesnt exist”)
            else:
                cdll.insertafter(data, newNode)

        elif ch[2]==“before”:
            ref_node = cdll.getnode(int(ch[3]))
            cdll.insertbefore(ref_node,newNode)
        elif ch[2]==“at”:
            if ch[3]==“beginning”:
                cdll.insertbegin(newNode)

            elif ch[3]==“end”:
                cdll.insertend(newNode)
            else:
                print(“Error! Try again!”)
                continue
        else:
            print(“Error! Try again!”)
            continue
    elif ch[0]==“remove”:
        idx = int(ch[1])
        idx_node = cdll.getnode(idx)
        if idx_node is None:
            print(“No such index, cant perform remove option.”)
            continue
        # if condition is false
        cdll.remove(idx_node)
    elif ch[0]==“display”:
        print(“The values in the Circular Doubly Linked List are: “)
        cdll.display()

    elif ch[0]==“quit”:
        break
    else:
        print(“Invalid option, try again!”)

## Assignment: Modify above code to create CircularQueue

##  ## PRIORITY QUEUE   ##   ##
#Priority Queue
from queue import PriorityQueue
apq = PriorityQueue()
apq.put(50)
apq.put(30)
apq.put(40)

print(“Printing elements of Priority Queue:\n“)
while not apq.empty():
    print(apq.get(), end=“, “)
print()
print(“Adding values with Priority:”)
apq = PriorityQueue()
apq.put((5, “Study”))  # combination of priority and values are added as tuple
apq.put((2, “Sleep”))
apq.put((9, “Eat”))
apq.put((4, “Play”))
print(“2. Printing elements of Priority Queue:\n“)
while not apq.empty():
    print(apq.get(), end=“, “)
print()

###  ###   ###   ###

Click here to access the tutorial on Infix to postfix

VIDEO 12: Working with Doubly Linked List, Priority Queues, Infix to Postfix

class BST:
    def __init__(self, value):
        self.value = value
        self.left = None
        self.right = None

def bst_insert(node,key):
    if node is None:
        return BST(key)
    if node.value <key:
        node.right = bst_insert(node.right, key)
    if node.value >key:
        node.left = bst_insert(node.left, key)
    return node

def bst_search(node, key):
    if node is None or node.value == key:
        return root

    if node.value < key:
        return bst_search(node.right, key)
    if node.value > key:
        return bst_search(node.left, key)

# 50, 30, 10, 70, 90, 80, 15, 25, 35
if __name__ == “__main__”:
    root = None
    root = bst_insert(root,50)
    bst_insert(root,30)
    bst_insert(root, 10)
    bst_insert(root, 70)
    bst_insert(root, 90)
    bst_insert(root, 80)
    bst_insert(root, 15)
    bst_insert(root, 25)
    bst_insert(root, 35)

    key = 70
    isFound = bst_search(root,key)
    if isFound is None:
        print(“Value “,key,“not in the BST!”)
    else:
        print(“Value”,key,” is found in the BST!”)

    key = 75
    isFound = bst_search(root, key)
    if isFound is None:
        print(“Value”,key,” not in the BST!”)
    else:
        print(“Value”,key,“is found in the BST!”)

# insertion, deletion and displaying the tree
# left, node, right

VIDEO 13: Binary Search Tree -> creating a BST and Searching through it

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Learning Python Programming

Jun 29 2023

Mini Python Projects

BILLING PROJECT USING CSV FILE

file = “expenses.csv”
import csv
def add_details():
    while True:
        code = input(“Enter Item Code:”)
        desc = input(“Enter Description:”)
        amount = float(input(“Enter Amount: “))
        fileobj = open(file,“a”,newline=“”)
        csv_writer = csv.writer(fileobj, delimiter=“,”, quotechar=‘”‘,quoting=csv.QUOTE_MINIMAL)
        csv_writer.writerow([code,desc,amount])
        fileobj.close()
        ch=input(“Enter y to continue adding more items:”)
        if ch!=‘y’:
            break
def view_details():
    print(“\n\n“)
    sno = “S.No.”
    code = “Code”
    desc = “Description”
    amt = “Amount”
    total = 0
    print(“-“*55)
    print(f”{sno:<6} {code: <6} {desc:<30} {amt:<6}“)
    print(“-” * 55)
    fileobj = open(file, “r”)
    csv_reader = csv.reader(fileobj,delimiter=“,”)
    line=0
    for data in csv_reader:
        line+=1
        print(f”{line:<6}“,end=” “)
        for i in data:
            if data.index(i)==1:
                print(f”{i:<30}“,end=” “)
            else:
                print(f”{i:<6}“, end=” “)
            if data.index(i)==2:
                total+=float(i)
        print()
    print(“-” * 55)
    print(” “*36,“Total: “,total)
    print(“-” * 55)
    fileobj.close()

    print(“\n“)

def edit_info():
    fileobj = open(file, “r”)
    csv_reader1 = csv.reader(fileobj, delimiter=“,”)
    #print(list(csv_reader1))
    all_data = list(csv_reader1)
    code = input(“Enter the Item Code to delete:”)
    for row in all_data:
        if code in row:
            print(“Found!”)
            idx = all_data.index(row)
            all_data.pop(idx)
    fileobj.close()
    print(“Final data to push into csv: “,all_data)
    fileobj = open(file, “w”, newline=“”)
    csv_writer = csv.writer(fileobj, delimiter=“,”, quotechar=‘”‘, quoting=csv.QUOTE_MINIMAL)
    for r in all_data:
        csv_writer.writerow(r)
    fileobj.close()


while True:
    print(“MENU”)
    print(“1. Add Details\n2. View Details\n3. Calculate Total\n4. Edit the data\n5. Exit”)
    ch= input(“Choose your option:”)
    if ch==“1”:
        add_details()
    elif ch==“2”:
        view_details()
    elif ch==“3”:
        pass
    elif ch==“4”:
        edit_info()
    elif ch==“5”:
        break
    else:
        print(“Try again!”)

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Learning Machine Learning Python Programming

May 2 2023

Python and Machine Learning Course May 2023

Click here to see Python and other software installaton steps

Day 1 Introduction and Print()

print(‘5 + 3 =’, 5+3)

pi = 3.1 # variable
g = 9.8
radius = 15
# area of a circle = pi * r square
# commentsm jhjkhjkhkjhjghg
print(“Area of a circle =”,3.1 * radius * radius)

# Write a program to find area and perimeter of a rectangle by taking length and breadth as input
length = 21
breadth = 38
area = length * breadth
perim = 2 * (length + breadth)
print(“Area of rectangle =”,area)
print(“Perimeter of rectangle =”,perim)

#Write a program to find area and perimeter of a square
side = 35
area = side * side
perim = 4 * side
print(“Area of square =”,area)
print(“Perimeter of square =”,perim)

#Find total and average of five numbers
num1 = 78
num2 = 82
num3 = 79
num4 = 91
num5 = 59
total = num1 + num2 + num3 + num4 + num5
avg = total / 5
print(“Total = “,total,”Average is”,avg)

Day 2: Variables and examples

#Find total and average of five numbers
num1, num2, num3,num4,num5 = 78,82,79,91,59
total = num1 + num2 + num3 + num4 + num5
avg = total / 5
print(“Total = “,total,“Average is”,avg)

# find the value of 2x square -10x +30, when x = 8
x = 8
y = 2 * x * x – (10 * x) + 30 # expression
print(“Value of y =”,y)

#different types
# basic data types – they can store only one value at a time
# integer (int) – numbers without decimal values
num1 = 5
num2 = 0
num3 = –99 #<class ‘int’>
print(“1. “,type(num1)) #type(num1) – this is first to be called and then print() is called

# float (float) – decimal values
num1 = 5.0
num2 = 0.9
num3 = –99.1 #<class ‘float’>
print(“2. “,type(num1))

# string (str)
var1 = “Hello”
var2 = ‘Good Evening’
var3 = ”’Hi there”’
var4 = “””Python learning”””
print(type(var1), type(var2),type(var3),type(var4))

# boolean (bool) – True & False
var1 = True
var2 = False
print(type(var1), type(var2))
# complex (complex): complex numbers are square root of negative numbers
# square root of -25 = 5i = 5j
var1 = 5j
print(type(var1))

## Operations

#Arithematics operations (maths op)

#Relational operations

#logical operations (and/or/not)

DAY 3: Data types

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Learning Machine Learning

Jan 4 2023

Data Analytics Jan 2023

https://learn.swapnil.pwLearn and Practice Python

Refer Python notes here for installation of software: https://learn.swapnil.pw

DAY 1 Notes:

 Click here to Read the notes

DAY 1 VIDEO HERE

Click here to read the notes (Chapter 1 for Day 2, Chapter 2 for Day 3 and 4)

DAY 2 VIDEO HERE

DAY 3 VIDEO HERE

DAY 4 Video - Range, IQR, BoxPlot, Variance, Standard Deviation

DAY 5 VIDEO - Click Here to access

#Scipy - scientific python
import scipy

#Permutation & Combination
## Both are about choosing r things from given n things
## default case replacement is not allowed

## Permutation order is important - n! / (n-r)!
## Combination is where order is not important - n! /(n-r)! r!

## 6 B & 4 G - I need to form a committe with 4 members, there has to be atleast a Boy
## 3B - 1G  - x1
## 2B - 2 G - x2
## 1B - 3G - x3
## 4B - x4
## total= x1 + x2 + x3 + x4
from scipy.special import comb, perm
sum = 0
cnt = comb(6,3,repetition=False) * comb(4,1)
sum+=cnt
cnt = comb(6,2) * comb(4,2)
sum+=cnt
cnt = comb(6,1) * comb(4,3)
sum+=cnt
cnt = comb(6,4) * comb(4,0)
sum+=cnt
print("Total combination possible is ",sum)

#Permutation
# 4 coats, 5 waist coats, 6 caps - 3 members
#abcd   lmnop
cnt1 = perm(4,3)
cnt2 = perm(5,3)
cnt3 = perm(6,3)
print("Total permutation = ", cnt1*cnt2*cnt3)

#####################################
######### OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM  #####
#####################################
# There is a company that makes: laptops (profit = 750) and desktops (1000)
#objective is to Maximize profit
# x = no. of laptops =  750x
# y = no. of desktops = 1000x
#solution = 750x + 1000y
## constraint 1 =Processing chips = 10,000 = requires 1 chip each
## ==>   x + y  <= 10,000
## Memory chipset 1 GB size - Latops need 1GB memory , Desktops need 2GB
## ==>   x + 2y <= 15,000
##Time to assemble 1 laptop = 4min, desktop = 3min, total time  25,000 min available
## ==>  4x + 3y <=25,000

##  x+y <= 10
##  x+2y <=15
##  4x+3y <=25

Video 6 - Click here to View

import numpy
from scipy.optimize import linprog, minimize,LinearConstraint



l = 1  #num of laptops
d = 1  #num of desktops
profit_l = 750
profit_d = 1000
total_profit = l*profit_l + d * profit_d
objective =[-profit_l, -profit_d]  #minimization problem
##  x+y <= 10
##  x+2y <=15
##  4x+3y <=25
lhs_cons = [[1,1],
            [1,2],
            [4,3]]
rhs_val = [10000,
           15000,
           25000]
bnd = [(0,float("inf")),(0,float("inf"))]
optimize_sol = linprog(c=objective, A_ub=lhs_cons, b_ub=rhs_val,bounds=bnd,method="revised simplex")
if optimize_sol:
    print(optimize_sol.x[0], optimize_sol.x[1])
    print("Total profit = ",optimize_sol.fun*-1)


print("==================")
lhs_cons=[]
rhs_val=[]
while True:
    l1 = int(input("Enter the value for notebook: "))
    l2 = int(input("Enter the value for desktop: "))
    y1 = int(input("Enter the value for Y: "))
    lhs_cons.append([l1,l2])
    rhs_val.append(y1)
    ch=input("Do you have more constraints: ")
    if ch!="y":
        break
print("LHS Constraints = ",lhs_cons)
print("RHS Values = ",rhs_val)

#Pandas - dataframe - is a way to read data in table format (row & column)
import pandas as pd

data = [["Sachin",47],["Virat",33],["Rohit",35]]
df1 = pd.DataFrame(data,columns=['Name','Age'])
print(df1)

VIDEO 7 - Watch the video here

import pandas as pd
import sqlite3
con_str = sqlite3.connect("LibraryMS.db")
cursor = con_str.cursor()
q1 = "select * from students"
rows = cursor.execute(q1)
list2 = list(rows.fetchall())

con_str.close()
data_df = pd.DataFrame(list2)
print(data_df)

list1=[["Q1 2022",2300,3400,1900],
       ["Q2 2022",2300,3400,1900],
       ["Q3 2022",2300,3400,1900],
       ["Q4 2022",2300,3400,1900]]
print(list1)
columns=["Quarter","Apple","Banana","Oranges"]
ind=["Jan-March","April-June","Jul-Sep","Oct-Dec"]
data_df = pd.DataFrame(list1, columns=columns,index=ind)
print(data_df)
# df.iloc  & loc
print(data_df.iloc[0:3,-3:])
print(data_df.iloc[0:3,[1,3]])

print(data_df.loc[['Jan-March',"Oct-Dec"],['Apple',"Oranges"]])

import pandas as pd

data_df1 = pd.read_csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/swapnilsaurav/Dataset/master/user_usage.csv")
print(data_df1)
data_df2 = pd.read_csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/swapnilsaurav/Dataset/master/user_device.csv")
print(data_df2)

VIDEO DAY 8 - Watch the Video Here

import pandas as pd
import unicodedata
import nltk


#remove accent functions
def remove_accent(text):
    txt = unicodedata.normalize('NFKD',text).encode('ascii',errors='ignore').decode('utf-8')
    return txt
#getting the stop words set
STOP_WORDS = set(remove_accent(word) for word in nltk.corpus.stopwords.words('portuguese'))

#defining a function to perform NLP processes
def nlp_analysis_1(comment):
    #nlp 1. convert to lowercase
    comments = comment.lower()
    #nlp 2. remove accents
    comments = remove_accent(comments)
    #nl 3. tokenize the content
    tokens = nltk.tokenize.word_tokenize(comments)
    return tokens

reviews = pd.read_csv("C:\\Users\\Hp\Downloads\\OnlineRetail-master\\order_reviews.csv")
#print(reviews['review_comment_message'])
#Step 1: removed the null values
comment_text = reviews[reviews['review_comment_message'].notnull()].copy()
print(comment_text.columns)
comment_text['review_comment_message'] = comment_text['review_comment_message'].apply(nlp_analysis_1)
print(comment_text['review_comment_message'])

VIDEO DAY 9

Click here to access the presentation slides

VIDEO DAY 10

SQL Learning

livesql.oracle.com

Select * from hr.employees;

select first_name, last_name,hire_date,salary from hr.employees;

select first_name FirstName, last_name,hire_date,salary from hr.employees;

select first_name || ‘ ‘|| last_name FULLNAME,hire_date,salary from hr.employees;

select first_name || ‘ ‘|| last_name FULLNAME,hire_date,salary *12 ANNUAL_SALARY from hr.employees;

select first_name || ‘ ‘|| last_name FULLNAME,hire_date,salary *12 ANNUAL_SALARY from hr.employees order by Last_name;

select first_name || ‘ ‘|| last_name FULLNAME,hire_date,salary *12 ANNUAL_SALARY

from hr.employees

order by Hire_date, Last_name;

select first_name || ‘ ‘|| last_name FULLNAME,hire_date,salary *12 ANNUAL_SALARY , COMMISSION_PCT

from hr.employees

order by COMMISSION_PCT NULLS First;

select first_name “First Name”, last_name,hire_date,salary from hr.employees;

select first_name, last_name,hire_date,salary from hr.employees where salary>=9000;

select first_name, last_name,hire_date,salary from hr.employees

where salary>=9000 and salary <=12000;

select first_name, last_name,hire_date,salary from hr.employees

where salary BETWEEN 9000 and 12000;

select first_name, last_name,hire_date,salary, DEPARTMENT_ID from hr.employees

where salary>=9000 or DEPARTMENT_ID =80;

select distinct salary from hr.employees;

— Tendulkar 9000

— Tendulkar 15000

VIDEO OF LECTURE

PRACTICE PROBLEM: Click here

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Learning

Dec 12 2022

Data Analytics Nov 2022- Part 2

Click here to visit Part 1 of the Blog

DAY 21

select * from HR.Employees;

— explicit conversion

select Last_name, Hire_date, to_char(hire_date, ‘MONTH DD, YYYY’), Salary, to_char(salary,’$999999.9′) from HR.Employees;

select ‘12345.66’, to_number(‘12345.66′,’9999999’) from Dual

select ‘December 11, 2022, 6:00 AM’, To_date(‘December 11, 2022, 6:00 AM’, ‘Month dd, YYYY, HH:MI AM’) from Dual

— Multiple conditions

Select Decode(‘BBC’,’ABC’,’Text Matched to ABC’,DECODE(‘CBC’,’BBC’,’Text Matched to BBC’,’Something else’)) from Dual

Select Decode(Hire_date, ’17-JUN-03′,’FIRST DAT AT WORK’,’OLD TIMER’) from hr.employees

Select last_name, salary, case When Salary <6000 then ‘Grade 1’

When Salary >=6000 and Salary <12000 then ‘Grade 2’

else ‘Grade 3’

End Case

from hr.employees;

— Aggregate Functions – which will aggregate and give single result

select count(*) from hr.employees

select avg(Salary) from hr.employees

select sum(Salary) from hr.employees

select count(*) ‘Total Employees’ , avg(Salary) ‘Average Salary’, sum(Salary) ‘Total Salary’, Min(Hire_date) ‘Oldest Employee’, Max(Hire_date) ‘Newest Employee’ from hr.employees

select count(*) Total , avg(Salary) Average, sum(Salary) “Total Salary”, Min(Hire_date) Oldest , Max(Hire_date) from hr.employees

select DEPARTMENT_ID,JOB_ID, avg(salary) from hr.employees group by Department_ID, JOB_ID HAVING avg(salary) >10000

— JOIN

Day 21 - Watch the video here

select convert(int, 12.99) from dual

select cast(12.99 as int) from dual

select * from hr.employees

select * from hr.departments

select * from hr.locations

— Inner join (default)

select department_name, first_name Manager from hr.departments d join hr.employees e on (e.EMPLOYEE_ID = d.manager_id)

select department_name, first_name from hr.departments d , hr.employees e

select department_name, first_name, last_name from hr.departments d join hr.employees e on (e.department_ID = d.department_ID)

select department_name, first_name, last_name from hr.departments d join hr.employees e Using (department_ID) order by DEPARTMENT_NAME DESC

— LEFT /RIGHT OUTER JOIN based on + sign

select department_name, first_name from hr.departments d , hr.employees e where e.department_ID = d.department_ID(+)

— Full outer Join

select department_name DEPARTMENT, x.department_ID, first_name, last_name from hr.departments x full outer join hr.employees e on (e.department_ID = x.department_ID)

Select First_name, department_name, city from hr.departments d, hr.employees e, hr.locations l where d.department_ID = e.department_ID and d.location_ID=l.location_ID

— Lex De Haan

select first_name from hr.employees where employee_ID = (select employee_ID from hr.employees where first_name=’Lex’ and last_name=’De Haan’)

select first_name from hr.employees where employee_ID in (select employee_ID from hr.employees where department_ID = 60)

UNION

select first_name from hr.employees where employee_ID = (select employee_ID from hr.employees where first_name=’Lex’ and last_name=’De Haan’)

Day 22 - Watch the video here

STARTING PYTHON PROGRAMMING

Learn to install different software… follow below links to install software:

Step 1: Video: Click here to download and install Python

Step 2: Install IDE

Step 3: Start Basic Programming

DAY 23 VIDEO HERE

DAY 24 : DAY 2 OF PYTHON TUTORIAL

print('Hello')
print(3+4+5)
print('3+4+5=',3+4+5)

# passing any value to functions - arguments
name1 = 'Laxman'
print("name1: ",name1)
print("name1: ",name1)
print("name1: ",name1)
print("name1: ",name1)
print("name1: ",name1)

#variable names: can not start with a number:  name1 is valid but 1name is not a valid variable name
# _ is the only special character that is allowed in the variable name
# variable name accepts - alphabets(a-z A-Z) 0-9 and _

n1ame = "Hello"
length = 51
breadth = 23
area = length * breadth
perimeter = 2 * (length + breadth)
#A rectangle with length x and breadth y has area of a and perimeter of p
print('A rectangle with length',length,"and breadth",breadth,"has area of",area,"and perimeter of",perimeter)

# format string - f string
print(f"A rectangle with length {length} and breadth {breadth} has area of {area} and perimeter of {perimeter}")


name1 = 'Laxman'  # str - string
print(type(name1))
length = 51   #  int - integer: -999, -88,0,9,100
print(type(length))
avg = 55.63   #float - 5.1, -6.9, 0.0, 5.0
print(type(avg))
isRight = True # False : bool - boolean True/False
print(type(isRight))
num_val = 6j # j is the imaginary value (complex) - square root of -1
print(type(num_val))  #complex

length = 53
print(length)
length = True
print(length)
length = "Sachin"
print(length)

length = "54"
breadth = "43"
print(length + breadth)

#<class 'str'>   str()
#<class 'int'>   int()
#<class 'float'>  float()
#<class 'bool'>  bool()
#<class 'complex'>  complex()
val1 = 500
print("Val1 is ",type(val1))
val1 = str(val1)  # val1 = "500"
print("Val1 is ",type(val1))

val2 = "55A"
val2 = int(val2)

DAY 24 : WATCH VIDEO HERE

#arithmetic operations:  +  -  *  /  //  **  %
val1 = 20
val2 = 8
print(val1 + val2)
print(val1 - val2)
print(val1 * val2)
print(val1 / val2)
print(val1 // val2)  # // just the integer
print(val1 ** val2) #power(val1, val2)
print(val1 % val2)  #

#comparison operators: Output is always boolean - True / False
val1 = 20
val2 = 8
val3 = 20  # 20 should be assigned to val3
# = assignment operator -assigning the value
print(val1 == val2) # is val1 equal to val2 ?
print(val1 != val3) # is val1 not equal to val3 ?
print(val1 > val2) # T
print(val1 >= val3)  # is Val1 greater or equal to val3
print(val1 > val3)
print(val1 < val2)
print(val1 <= val2)
print(val1 < val3)

#logical operator" input is boolean and the output is also a boolean
# prediction: Sachin and Sehwag will open the batting
# actual - Sachin and Laxman opened the batting
print(True and True)
print(False and True)
print(True and False)
print(False and False)
val1,val2,val3 = 20, 8, 20
print(val2 == val3 and val1 <=val2 and val3 >=val1 and val2==val3)
# F

# or - even if one value is TRUE entire result will be True
print(True or True)
print(False or True)
print(True or False)
print(False or False)
print(val2 == val3 or val1 <=val2 or val3 >=val1 or val2==val3)
# T
print(not True)
print(not False)
print(not val2 == val3 or val1 <=val2 or val3 >=val1 or val2==val3)

print(val2 == val3 or val1 <=val2 and val3 >=val1 or val2==val3)
#F
# 2+2*3 =

# ax sq + bx + c = 0, find x when a,b and c are given

# D = bsq - 4ac

# solution 1: (-b - sq root D) /2a
# solution 2: (-b + sq root D) /2a

a,b,c = 6, -17, 12
d = b**2 - 4*a*c
sol1 = (-b - d**0.5)/(2*a)
sol2 = (-b + d**0.5)/(2*a)
print(f"Solutions for the given quadratic equation is {sol1} and {sol2}")

check1 = a*sol1**2 + b*sol1 + c
check2 = a*sol2**2 + b*sol2 + c
print(f"Checking if both the check are zero: {check1} and {check2}")

Watch Day 25 Video Here

#Conditions
avg = 30

if avg>=80:
    print("You scored Grade A")
elif avg>=70:
    print("You scored Grade B")
elif avg>=60:
    print("You scored Grade C")
elif avg>=50:
    print("You scored Grade D")
elif avg>=40:
    print("You scored Grade E")
else:
    print("You scored Grade F")

#40%
if avg>=40:
    print("You have passed!")
else:
    print("Sorry, You have failed!")


if avg >=90:
    print("You win President's award")
    print("90+ is too good score")


print("Thank You")

#Conditions
avg = 90

#40%
if avg>=40:
    print("You have passed!")
    if avg >= 80:
        print("You scored Grade A")
        if avg >= 90:
            print("You win President's award")
            print("90+ is too good score")

    elif avg >= 70:
        print("You scored Grade B")
    elif avg >= 60:
        print("You scored Grade C")
    elif avg >= 50:
        print("You scored Grade D")
    else:
        print("You scored Grade E")
    print("You have passed!")
else:
    print("You scored Grade F")
    print("Sorry, You have failed!")

print("Thank You")

###
'''
1. Check for positive, negative, zero
2. If positive then check for Odd or Even
3. If positive check for if its divisible by 2 and 3
4. If its divisible by both 2 and 3 then check for 5 also
'''

num = 30  # 0  -10   10  9

if num>0:
    print("Number is positive")
    if num%2==0:
        print("Its an even number")
        if num%3==0:
            print("Its divisible by 2 and 3 both")
            if num%5==0:
                print("Yes, this is divisible by 5 also")
        else:
            print("Its divisible by 2 but not 3")
    else:
        print("Its an odd number")
        if num%3==0:
            print("Its divisible by 3 only")
        else:
            print("Its not divisible by 2 or 3")
elif num<0:
    print("Number is negative")
else:
    print("Number is neither positive nor negative")

###
# arrange the numbers in increasing order
# 5,6,3 =>  3 >=5 >=6
a,b,c = 80,60,40
if a<b:  #a < b
    if a<c:  #a <c
        if b<c:  #b <c
            print(f"{a}<={b}<={c}")
        else: # a<b, a<c, c<b
            print(f"{a}<={c}<={b}")
    else: #a < b  c<a
        print(f"{c}<={a}<={b}")
else:  # b< a
    if a<c:  #a <c
        if b<c:  #b <c
            print(f"{b}<={a}<={c}")
    else: #b<a  c <a
        if b<c:
            print(f"{b}<={c}<={a}")
        else:
            print(f"{c}<={b}<={a}")

DAY 26: Click here to watch the video

#loops -
# 1 to 10

#range(a,b,c) - a: starting value (including), b: ending value (excluding), c: increment
#range(2,11,3) - 2,5,8
#range(a,b) - c= default = 1
#range(3,8) - 3,4,5,6,7
#range(b) a default = 0, c default = 1
#range(4) - 0,1,2,3

for i in range(4):
    print("Hello, value of i = ",i)
for i in range(3,8):
    print("Hi, value of i = ",i)
for i in range(2,11,3):
    print("Hello, value of i = ",i)

if 'H' in "hello":
    print("There")

sum = 0
for i in range(1,11):
    print(i,end=", ")
    sum = sum+i
print("\nSum of the values = ",sum)

val = 1
sum = 0
while val <=10:
    print(val)
    sum += val
    val+=1 #val=val+1

print("Sum = ",sum)

n=5
for i in range(n):
    print("*",end=" ")
print()
'''
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
'''
for j in range(n):
    for i in range(n):
        print("*",end=" ")
    print()

'''
* 
* * 
* * *
* * * * 
* * * * *
'''
for j in range(n):
    for i in range(j+1):
        print("*",end=" ")
    print()

'''
* * * * *
* * * * 
* * * 
* * 
* 
'''
for j in range(n):
    for i in range(n-j):
        print("*",end=" ")
    print()

'''
    * 
   * * 
  * * *
 * * * * 
* * * * *
'''
for j in range(n):
    for k in range(n-j-1):
        print(" ",end="")
    for i in range(j+1):
        print("*",end=" ")
    print()

'''
        * 
      * * 
    * * *
  * * * * 
* * * * *
'''
for j in range(n):
    for k in range(n-j-1):
        print(" ",end=" ")
    for i in range(j+1):
        print("*",end=" ")
    print()

## read marks of 5 subjects and find sum and avg
num = int(input("Enter length: "))
print("num = ",num)
print("type of num = ",type(num))

sum=0
for i in range(5):
    marks = int(input("Enter the marks in subject "+str(i+1)+": "))
    sum+=marks
print(f"The total marks is {sum} and average is {sum/5}")

Click here to watch Day 27 video

### WHILE
import random
number = random.randint(1,100)
attempt = 0
ch = input("Do you want to play this game? (y for yes): ")
low = 1
high = 100
while ch=="y":
    guess = random.randint(low,high) #int(input("Guess the number (1-100): "))
    if guess<1 or guess>100:
        print("Invalid guess, try again...")
        continue   # it will take you to the beginning of the loop
    attempt+=1
    if guess==number:
        print(f"Awesome! You guessed it correctly in {attempt} attempts.")
        break   #throw you out of the loop
    elif guess < number:
        print("You have guessed a lower number")
        low=guess+1
    else:
        print("You have guessed a higher number")
        high=guess-1

print("Thank you")
'''
take 2 numbers and perform operation based on given choice:
1. To add
2. To multiply
3. Divide
4. Quit
'''

while True:
    n1 = int(input("Enter a number: "))
    n2 = int(input("Enter another number: "))
    print("Give your choice of operation:")
    print("1. Addition\n2. Multiplication\n3. Division\n4. Quit")
    ch=input("Enter your option: ")
    if ch=="1":
        print("Addition of numbers: ",n1+n2)
    elif ch=="2":
        print("Multiplication of numbers: ", n1 * n2)
    elif ch=="3":
        print("Division of numbers: ", n1 / n2)
    elif ch=="4":
        break
    else:
        print("Invalid option! Try Again...")
        continue
    print("Great work!")

#strings
str1 = 'Hello'
str2 = "Hi"
str3 = '''How are you
Where are you'''
str4 = """I am fine
I am here"""
print(type(str1),type(str2),type(str3),type(str4))
print(str3)
print(len(str3))  #size - total characters in a string
print(str1+" "+(str3 +"\n")*3)

for i in str1:
    print(i)
for i in range(len(str1)):
    print(str1[i])

str1 = "Hello" #indexing starts from zero
print(str1[0])
print(str1[2])
print(str1[4])  #last element
print(str1[-1])  #last element
print(str1[-3])  #3rd last element
print(str1[1:4])  #start is inclusive /end is exclusive
print(str1[:4])
print(str1[:])
print(str1[-4:-1])  #start is inclusive /end is exclusive
print(str1[:-1])
print(str1[-len(str1):-1])
print(str1[-3:])
print(str1[:])

Click Here to watch Day 28 Videos

str1 = "Good Evening Everyone"
print(str1[0])
print(str1[-1])
print(str1[-3:])
# functions that are part of a class are called Methods
str2 = "HELLO HOW ARE YOU"
print(str2.isupper())
print(str1.istitle())  #first character of every word needs to be capital
length = input("Enter the length: ")
if length.isdigit():
    length = int(length)
else:
    print("Invalid length value, exiting the program")

#username can have only characters and numbers
username = input("Enter username: ")
if username.isalnum():
    print("Username accepted")
else:
    print("Invalid username.")

str1 = "Hello"
print(str1.isalpha())
str3 = "    "
print(str3.isspace())

# enter name:  alpha and space
name = input("Enter your name")
isValid = True
for ch in name:
    if ch.isalpha() or ch.isspace():
        pass
    else:
        isValid = False
        break

if isValid:
    print("Valid Name")
else:
    print("Invalid Name")

str1 = "HOw arE YOU ONE doING ToDaY"
print(str1.lower())
print(str1.upper())
print(str1.capitalize())  #Only the first character is caps
print(str1.title())  #first letter of every word is caps

split_cont = str1.split()
print("Split: ", split_cont)

split_cont = str1.title().split("o")
print("Split: ", split_cont)

print("o".join(split_cont))
str2 = "How Are You Doing Are You Ok Are You Coming"
print(str2.replace("You","You'll",2))
print(str2)

# Strings are IMMUTABLE
#str2[0] = "h" - not possible
str2 = "h"+str2[1:]
print(str2)

print(str2.count("ou",4,10))

print(str2.find("ou",10,22))

Day 29 Video

DAY 29 – DECEMBER 22 2022

#LIST
l1 = [20,40,20.5,True,"Hello",[2,4,6]]
print(len(l1))
print(l1[1])
print(l1[-1][1])
print(type(l1[-1][1]))
print(type(l1))
l2 = [10,20,30]
print(l1+l2*2)
for i in l2:
    print(i)
for i in range(len(l2)):
    print(i, "--> ",l2[i])

l2.append(40) #append will add at the end
l2.insert(1,50)  #index, value
l2.pop(0) #remove element at the given index
l2.remove(30) #delete the given value
l2[1] = 70
print(l2)

l3 = l2  #both are pointing to same list - Deep copy
l4 = l2.copy()  #Shallow copy
print("Set 1")
print("l2: ",l2)
print("l3: ",l3)
print("l4: ",l4)
l2.append(45)
l3.append(70)
l3.append(55)
l4.append(65)
print("Set 2")
print("l2: ",l2)
print("l3: ",l3)
print("l4: ",l4)
print("printing IDs: ")
print("l2: ",id(l2))
print("l3: ",id(l3))
print("l4: ",id(l4))
total_count = l2.count(70)
print(total_count)
print(l2.reverse())
l2.sort()
print(l2)
#l2 = l2 + l3
l2.extend(l2+l3)
print(l2)
print(l2.index(50))  #index of the first matching value
ind = l2.index(50)
print(l2.index(50,ind+1))


marks_masterlist = []
while True:
    sum=0
    marks_list = []  #student ID, 5 values marks, 7th Sum, 8 avg
    id_st = input("Enter the Student ID: ")
    marks_list.append(id_st)
    for i in range(5):
        marks = int(input("Enter the marks in subject "+str(i+1)+": "))
        marks_list.append(marks)
        sum+=marks

    #print("List of marks: ",marks_list)
    #print(f"Total marks obtained is {sum} and average is {sum/5}")
    avg = sum/5
    marks_list.append(sum)
    marks_list.append(avg)

    marks_masterlist.append(marks_list)
    ch=input("Enter N to stop, Enter to continue: ")
    if ch:
        break

print("Master list:\n",marks_masterlist)
master_list = [['1000', 99, 88, 77, 66, 55, 385, 77.0],
                ['1002', 33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 275, 55.0],
                ['1003', 77, 55, 99, 66, 88, 385, 77.0]]
print(len(master_list[0]))

#average of all the students:
for i in range(len(master_list)):
    print(master_list[i][0], ":",master_list[i][-1])

#highest marks in each subject
for subcode in range(1,6):
    max=-99
    for i in range(len(master_list)):
        #print(master_list[i][1])
        if max <master_list[i][subcode]:
            max = master_list[i][subcode]
    print(f"Maximum marks in Subject {subcode} is ",max)

CLick here for day 30 video

#Tuples - linear ordered immutable collection
#List - linear ordered mutable collection

t1 = ()
t1 = (5,)
t1 = (5,6,7)
print(type(t1))
t1 = list(t1)
t1.append(8)
t1 = tuple(t1)

#packing & unpacking
a,b,c,d = t1
print(a)
print(t1[0])
print(16 in t1)

a = (2,99,15)
b = (2,99,15)

#Dictionary - non-linear unordered mutable collection
d1 = {}
print(type(d1))
d1 = {2:"Hello","Two": 999}
print(d1["Two"])
t1 = {True:"Sunday"}
d1.update(t1)
print(d1)

#items: list of tuple of key,value
#keys : list of keys
#values: list of values
print(d1.items())
for i in d1.items():
    print(i)

print(d1[2])
for i in d1.items():
    if i[0]==2:
        print(i[1])

d2 = d1  # points to each other - no new copy created
d3 = d1.copy()  # at this point they are copy
t2= {99:"Ninety Nine"}
d1.update(t2)
print(d1)
print(d2)
print(d3)

d1.popitem()
d1.pop(True)
print(d1)

#to get the value when key is given:
a= d1.get(2)
print(a)
#print(d1[888])

d1.clear()
print(d1)

master_data = {}
student = 0
while True:
    student+=1
    roll = input("Enter the Roll Number for Student "+str(student)+": ")
    sum=0
    list1 = []
    for i in range(3):
        m = int(input("Enter marks for subject "+str(i+1)+ " for student "+str(student)+" :"))
        sum+=m
        list1.append(m)

    master_data.update({roll:list1})
    ch=input("Hit Enter to continue else to stop: ")
    if ch:
        break
print("All data: \n",master_data)
#{'1': [5, 5, 5], '2': [8, 8, 8]}

#Set -  - linear un-ordered mutable collection

# Lion Tiger Elephant Deer Panther
# P D E T L
# PDE Jaguar  Camel
# total how many were named: 7 - Union
# Common between S1 & S2 : 3 - Intersection
#Remove animals from S1 as told by S2, what is left: 2  L & T - Minus (S1-S2)
# S2 - S1 :  J & C
# Symmetric Difference: L, T, J , C


# 1. L 2 L 3 L 4L 5L

Day 31 : Tuple and Dictionary Tutorial

#SET
set1 = {1,2,3,4,5}
set2 = {3,4,5,6,7,8}
print(type(set1))
#union - giving you all data (minus dup)
print(set1.union(set2))  #max - sum of the # of elements
print(set1 | set2)   #min - # of the elements in bigger set

print(set1.intersection(set2))  #max: size of lower set
print(set1 & set2)    #min : no elements repeated
#if no elements are repeated we call them disjoint set

seta={1,2,3}
setb={1,2,3}
setc = {1,2,3,4,5}
#setc is superset of seta, seta as subset of setc
#seta = setb = union = intersection: seta is superset as well as subset of setb

print(set1.difference(set2))
print(set1-set2)
print(set2-set1)

print(set1.symmetric_difference_update(set2))
print(set1 ^ set2)
print(set1)
#update()  -union update
#intersection_update() set1 = set1 & set2
#difference_update()
#symmetric_difference_update()

DAY 32 A - SETS Tutorial3

# Functions
##print()
##type()

def myquestions():
    print("How are you",end="? ")
    print("Hows going")
    print("Where are you")

def myadd(a,b): #arguments  #positional  #required
    print("A: ",a)
    print("B: ", b)
    sum = a+b
    #return sum

#default arguments
def myadd2(a=5,b=0,c=4,d=4,e=5): #arguments  #positional  #a required b as default
    print("A: ",a)
    print("B: ", b)
    sum = a+b

myquestions()
result = myadd(55,65) #passing the parameter to the function definition
print(result)

myadd2(55,35)
myadd2(55)
myadd2()

#keywords = removes restriction of positional
a=5
b=6
myadd(b=b,a=a)  #not being positional - keyword

#required  positional default  keyword
#global and local scope of variable
def mytest():
    global a
    print("Inside mytest 2 a = ", a)
    a=5  #local variable
    #always local takes preference over global
    print("Inside mytest 1 a = ",a)

a=10  #global variable
print("printing in main a =",a)
mytest()

DAY 32 - Functions in Python Tutorial - 1

#Functions
#DocString - are multi line comments added as first line in function definition
def myfun1(a,b):  #required positional argument
    '''
    This is a sample function to learn about function. This will perform some basic math ops
    :param a: this is a number that will take part in math operation
    :param b: this is another number that will take part in math operation
    :return: a tuple with 3 values - each for addition, multiplication and division
    '''
    s = a+b
    m = a*b
    d = a/b
    result = [s,m,d]  #packing
    print(type(result))
    return result
def myfun2(a=10,b=20):  #default arguments
    s = a+b
    m = a*b
    d = a/b
    result = [s,m,d]  #packing
    print(type(result))
    return result

def myfun3(roll,*marks,**attr):  # *var -all arguments, **var will read all your keyword arg
    print("Roll No:",roll)
    print("Marks obtained: ",marks)
    print(type(marks))
    print("Attributes of student: ",attr)
    print(type(attr))

if __name__ =='__main__':

    output1 = myfun1(10,5)
    print("Output: ",output1)
    output1 = myfun2()
    print("Output: ",output1)
    output1 = myfun2(b=10,a=20)
    print("Output: ",output1)

    output1 = myfun3(1001, 65,76,87,56,78,76,78,name="Sachin",sports="Cricket",city="Mumbai")

    print(help(print))  #doc string
    print(print.__doc__)
    print(myfun1.__doc__)

#######################
import p1 #import module - file containing functions
out1 = p1.myfun2(b=10,a=20)
print(out1)

out1 = p1.myfun1(10,20)
print(out1)

#annoynomous or oneline or lambda

lf1 = lambda x,y:x+y
print(lf1(10,90))

# recursion - function calling itself

def myfun_facto(n):
    if n==0:
        return 1
    return n * myfun_facto(n-1)  #stack


print(myfun_facto(5))

# 5! = 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1
# 5! = 5 * 4!

DAY 33 B - Complete Function Tutorial

#Class & Object
class Person:
    population=0
    def __init__(self,name):
        #this function should be called automatically when you create an object
        Person.population += 1
        self.name = name

    def display_info(self):
        print(f"Hello How are you? My name is {self.name}")

    @classmethod
    def display_pop(cls):
        print("Population is ",cls.population)


o1=Person("Sachin") #auto calling of __init__
o2=Person("Kapil") #auto calling of __init__
o3=Person("Sunil") #auto calling of __init__
o4=Person("Dhoni") #auto calling of __init__
o5=Person("Virat") #auto calling of __init__
o1.display_info()
o2.display_info()
o3.display_info()
#o4.display_info()
#o5.display_info()
print(type(o1))
print(o1.population)
print(o3.population)
print(o1.name)
print(o3.name)

l1 = [3,4,5]
l1.append(5)

DAY 34 - CLASS & OBJECTS SESSION 1 VIDEO

#Inheritance
#Encapsulation
#Polymorphism
#Abstraction
################
class School:
    def __init__(self,schoolname):
        self.schoolname = schoolname
    def display_school(self):
        print("School name is: ",self.schoolname)
        self.__display_state()
    def display_loc(self):
        print("We are located in the City")
    def __display_state(self):
        print("We are located in the State")
class Student(School):
    def __init__(self,sname, stname):
        School.__init__(self,sname)
        self.sname = sname
        self.stname = stname
    def display_student(self):
        print("Student name is: ",self.stname)
    def display_loc(self):
        print("Calling from STUDENT Class: We are located in the City")
class MySelf:
    def MySelfMethod(self):
        School.display_loc(self)

s1 = School("ABC International School")
s1.display_school()
st1 = Student("XYZ Intermational School","Sachin")
st1.display_school()
st1.display_student()
st1.display_loc()
#st1.__display_state()
m1 = MySelf()
m1.MySelfMethod()

#Encapsulation:
# public - the members are available to be accessed by anyone
# protected (_membername) members can be called only
# its own and derived class: Practically not implemented in Python
# private options (__membername) - cant be accessed outside the class

from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
class Shape(object):
    __metaclass__ = ABCMeta
    def __init__(self):
        print("Shape is created")

    @abstractmethod
    def area(self):
        print("I will do nothing")
    def information(self):
        print("I belong to class Shape")

class Rectangle(Shape):
    def __init__(self):
        print("rectangle is created")
class Circle(Shape):
    def __init__(self):
        print("circle is created")

s1 = Shape()
c1 = Circle()
c1.area()
s1.area()
c1.information()

PYTHON PROJECT WORK

DAY 35 - ACCESS VIDEO HERE

import sqlite3
con_str = sqlite3.connect("ies1.db")
creat_tab ='''Create Table Students(
Roll Integer primary key,
name text,
fees real,
admission_date date)'''
#con_str.execute(creat_tab)
insrt1 = '''Insert into Students(ROll,Name) values(1001,'Sachin')'''
#con_str.execute(insrt1)
insrt1 = '''Insert into Students(ROll,Name) values(1002,'Kapil')'''
#con_str.execute(insrt1)
insrt1 = '''Insert into Students(ROll,Name) values(1003,'Sunil')'''
#con_str.execute(insrt1)
insrt1 = '''Insert into Students(ROll,Name) values(1004,'Kohli')'''
#con_str.execute(insrt1)
insrt1 = '''Insert into Students(ROll,Name) values(1005,'Dhoni')'''
#con_str.execute(insrt1)

select_q = "Select * from Students"
cursor_obj = con_str.execute(select_q)
rows = cursor_obj.fetchall()
for row in rows:
    print(row)

#update
update_q = '''Update Students set fees=110 where roll=1003'''
con_str.execute(update_q)
con_str.commit()

#Delete
delete_q = '''Delete from Students where roll=1004'''
con_str.execute(delete_q)

##insert based on user input
roll_no = int(input("Enter the roll number: "))
name_st = input("Enter the name: ")
insrt1 = '''Insert into Students(ROll,Name) values(?,?)'''
dy_val = (roll_no,name_st)
con_str.execute(insrt1,dy_val)
con_str.commit()


##########################
### WORKING WITH FILES  ##
##########################
file_con = open("abc1.txt",mode="a")  #default is read
# r read - only read, w write - you can write, a append - you can only append
# r+ , w+ , a+
content = '''Twinkle Twinkle Little Star
How I wonder what you are'''
if file_con.writable():
    file_con.write(content)

DAY 36 VIDEO Recording

fh=open("file1.txt","a")
story='''Once upon a time, there lived a deer in the forest. He was a gentle creature who loved to explore the forest and make new friends. He often encountered various animals on his explorations, including a lion.

The deer and the lion were wary of each other when they first met, but soon they developed a mutual respect and even a friendship. The lion was impressed with the deer's courage and wisdom, while the deer admired the lion's strength and nobility.

The two began to meet often, and they would often go on adventures together. The lion would show the deer the best spots to find food and the deer would help the lion hunt. They both enjoyed the company of each other, and the friendship between them grew stronger.

One day, the deer and the lion were out exploring the forest when they came upon a group of hunters. The deer was terrified and wanted to run away, but the lion saw the hunters and told the deer to stay put. The lion then charged at the hunters, roaring and showing his full strength. The hunters were so scared that they ran away, leaving the deer and the lion unharmed.

The deer was so grateful for the lion's bravery that he promised to always be there for his friend. From that day on, the deer and the lion remained inseparable. They went on countless adventures together, and they were always there to help each other when they needed it.'''
fh.write(story)
fh.close()

fh=open("file1.txt","r")

#content = fh.read(200)
#print(content)
fh.seek(100)
content = fh.read(300)
#print(content)
fh.seek(0)
print(fh.readline(50000))
print(fh.readlines())
fh.close()
###############  JSON
#JavaScript Object Notation - json
json_str = '''
{"Name":"Sachin",
 "Sport":"Cricket",
 "Fav Shots":["Cover Drive","Square Cut"],
 "Teams":[
     {
        "TName":"Mumbai",
         "Games": "Ranji"
     },
     {
        "TName":"Mumbai Indians",
         "Games": "IPL"
     }
 ]}
'''
print(json_str)
print(type(json_str))

import json

# 4 methods: load(), loads(), dump(), dumps()
json_obj = json.loads(json_str)
print(type(json_obj))
print(json_obj["Teams"])
json_dumps = json.dumps(json_obj,indent=4,sort_keys=True)
print(json_dumps)
fp=open("json_file.json","w")
json.dump(json_obj,fp,indent=4)
fp.close()
import json
##
fp=open("json_file.json","r")
file_content = json.load(fp)
print(file_content)
print(type(file_content))
fp.close()

#####  Exceptions

print("Hello")
print(5-3)
#runtime errors - Exceptions
try:
    num1 = int(input("Enter a number: "))  # ValueError exception
    50 / 0  # ZeroDivisionError exception

except ValueError:
    print("You have not entered a valid number hence setting it to zero")
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("Sorry cant divide by zero")
except Exception:
    print("Some error has occured")
else:  #if there is no error then do else
    print("Number you have entered is ",num1)
finally: #will execute in both cases - error or no error
    print("Demo program for exception handling")


#50/0   #ZeroDivisionError exception

# try - except - else -finally

DAY 37 VIDEO

Click Here To Read Coomplete Statistics Notes

DAY 38 VIDEO

DAY 39 VIDEO

Day 40 Video

import numpy as np
x = range(16)  #0...15
x=np.reshape(x,(4,4))
print(x[1:3,:3])

y = range(11,27)
y=np.reshape(x,(4,4))
print(y)

print(x+y)
print(x-y)
print(x*y)  #element multiplication
print(x@y)  #matrix multiplication

print(x/y)

### Pandas
import pandas as pd
data = [["Apple",1200,2100,900,870],
        ["Oranges",500,900,300,400],
        ["Banana",132,456,768,333],
        ["Mangoes", 1111,3333,2222,4444]]
print(data)

headers=['Fruit',"Q1 2022","Q2 2022","Q3 2022","Q4 2022"]
inx = ["Fruit 1","Fruit 2","Fruit 3","Fruit 4"]
data_df = pd.DataFrame(data,columns=headers,index=inx)
print(data_df)

DAY 41 Video Here

import pandas as pd
#you can read csv files using read_csv irrepective of the location
usage_df = pd.read_csv("C:/Users/Hp/Downloads/Dataset-master/Dataset-master/user_usage.csv")
print(usage_df)
device_df = pd.read_csv("C:/Users/Hp/Downloads/Dataset-master/Dataset-master/user_device.csv")
print(device_df)

#merge these two datasets
result_df = pd.merge(usage_df,device_df, on="use_id",how="right")
print(result_df)
#########################################
#########  EXAMPLE: DATA CLEANING  ######
#########################################
#missing data?
#data correct?  type, range
#
import pandas as pd
hotel_df = pd.read_csv("C:/Users/Hp/Downloads/Dataset-master/Dataset-master/hotel_bookings.csv")
print(hotel_df)

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
plt.style.use('ggplot')
cols = hotel_df.columns[:30]
colors = ["#085838","#f4deb4"]
sns.heatmap(hotel_df[cols].isnull(), cmap=sns.color_palette(colors))
plt.show()

DAY 42 VIDEO HERE

import pandas as pd

hotel_df = pd.read_csv("C:/Users/Hp/Downloads/Dataset-master/Dataset-master/hotel_bookings.csv")
print(hotel_df)

#Data cleaning
## 1. missing values - 1)remove the values  2)replace the missing values
## 2. Incorrect data - 1) extreme values, not possible, different data type - make it null
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns

cols = hotel_df.columns[:30]
colors = ["#2b80ff","#05f6d5"]
sns.heatmap(hotel_df[cols].isnull(),cmap=sns.color_palette(colors))
#plt.show()
#dropping column company since it has more than 95% values missing
hotel_df = hotel_df.drop(['company'],axis=1) #axis=1 for column

#check % missing
import numpy as np
for  col in hotel_df.columns:
    pct_missing = np.mean(hotel_df[col].isnull())
    print(f"{col} has {pct_missing*100}%")

#calculate total missing values for each row
for  col in hotel_df.columns:
    missing = hotel_df[col].isnull()
    num_missing = np.sum(missing)
    if num_missing>0:
        hotel_df[f'{col}_ismissing'] =missing

ismissing_col = []
for col in hotel_df.columns:
    if 'ismissing' in col:
        ismissing_col.append(col)
#total the values of missing cols for each row:
hotel_df['num_missing'] = hotel_df[ismissing_col].sum(axis=1)

print("Missing data: ",ismissing_col)
ind_missing = hotel_df[hotel_df['num_missing']>12].index
#drop the rows which has more than 12 missing values
hotel_df=hotel_df.drop(ind_missing,axis=0) #axis=0 for rows

#check again after rows and col drop
import numpy as np
for  col in hotel_df.columns:
    pct_missing = np.mean(hotel_df[col].isnull())
    if pct_missing>0.0:
        print(f"{col} has {pct_missing*100}%")
'''
children has 2.0498257606219004%
babies has 11.311318858061922%
meal has 11.467129071170085%
country has 0.40879238707947996%
deposit_type has 8.232810615199035%
agent has 13.68700576330250
'''

hotel_df['meal'] = pd.Categorical(hotel_df['meal'])
hotel_df['country'] = pd.Categorical(hotel_df['country'])
hotel_df['deposit_type'] = pd.Categorical(hotel_df['deposit_type'])

med = hotel_df['children'].median()
hotel_df['children'] = hotel_df['children'].fillna(med)
med = hotel_df['babies'].median()
hotel_df['babies'] = hotel_df['babies'].fillna(med)
med = hotel_df['agent'].median()
hotel_df['agent'] = hotel_df['agent'].fillna(med)

non_num_cols = hotel_df.select_dtypes(exclude=np.number)
for col in non_num_cols:
    missing = hotel_df[col].isnull()
    num_missing = np.sum(missing)
    if num_missing > 0:
        #replace the missing values with mode
        top = hotel_df[col].describe()['top']
        hotel_df[col] = hotel_df[col].fillna(top)

print("After update the missing columns are:")
#check again for missing values
for col in hotel_df.columns:
    missing = hotel_df[col].isnull()
    num_missing = np.sum(missing)
    if num_missing > 0:
        print(f"{col} has total missing values {pct_missing}")


#####
hotel_df['children'] = hotel_df['children'].fillna(-999)
hotel_df['country'] = hotel_df['country'].fillna("NOT AVAILABLE")