Blog - Swapnil Saurav

Learning Machine Learning Python Programming

May 2 2023

Python and Machine Learning Course May 2023

Click here to see Python and other software installaton steps

Day 1 Introduction and Print()

print(‘5 + 3 =’, 5+3)

pi = 3.1 # variable
g = 9.8
radius = 15
# area of a circle = pi * r square
# commentsm jhjkhjkhkjhjghg
print(“Area of a circle =”,3.1 * radius * radius)

# Write a program to find area and perimeter of a rectangle by taking length and breadth as input
length = 21
breadth = 38
area = length * breadth
perim = 2 * (length + breadth)
print(“Area of rectangle =”,area)
print(“Perimeter of rectangle =”,perim)

#Write a program to find area and perimeter of a square
side = 35
area = side * side
perim = 4 * side
print(“Area of square =”,area)
print(“Perimeter of square =”,perim)

#Find total and average of five numbers
num1 = 78
num2 = 82
num3 = 79
num4 = 91
num5 = 59
total = num1 + num2 + num3 + num4 + num5
avg = total / 5
print(“Total = “,total,”Average is”,avg)

Day 2: Variables and examples

#Find total and average of five numbers
num1, num2, num3,num4,num5 = 78,82,79,91,59
total = num1 + num2 + num3 + num4 + num5
avg = total / 5
print(“Total = “,total,“Average is”,avg)

# find the value of 2x square -10x +30, when x = 8
x = 8
y = 2 * x * x – (10 * x) + 30 # expression
print(“Value of y =”,y)

#different types
# basic data types – they can store only one value at a time
# integer (int) – numbers without decimal values
num1 = 5
num2 = 0
num3 = –99 #<class ‘int’>
print(“1. “,type(num1)) #type(num1) – this is first to be called and then print() is called

# float (float) – decimal values
num1 = 5.0
num2 = 0.9
num3 = –99.1 #<class ‘float’>
print(“2. “,type(num1))

# string (str)
var1 = “Hello”
var2 = ‘Good Evening’
var3 = ”’Hi there”’
var4 = “””Python learning”””
print(type(var1), type(var2),type(var3),type(var4))

# boolean (bool) – True & False
var1 = True
var2 = False
print(type(var1), type(var2))
# complex (complex): complex numbers are square root of negative numbers
# square root of -25 = 5i = 5j
var1 = 5j
print(type(var1))

## Operations

#Arithematics operations (maths op)

#Relational operations

#logical operations (and/or/not)

DAY 3: Data types

admin 0 Comments

Python Programming Uncategorized

Apr 18 2023

Programming with Hari

Access all videos from here

print(‘Hello’)
print()   #comment is for human being
#sdfsdfdsfsdfdsf
print(‘hello again hhjvjbhjhlbbuihuhuhuhu’)
print(‘5+3’)
print(5+3)
print(“4+6=”,4+6)

# y = x + 5, find y when x is 3

# 5 is constant – you cant change its value
# x, y are variables – their values can change
# y dependent variable because its value depends on x
# x is independent variable because you can assign any value to it

x = 3
y = x+ 5
print(“When X is “,x,“then Y is “,y)

# write a program to calculate area of a rectangle

l = 5
b = 8
area = l * b
print(” Length is”,l,“breadth is”,b,“and area is”,area)
# f-string format string
print(f“Length is {l} and breadth is {b} so the area is {area}“)

#calculate area and circumference of a circle and print the output as:
# Circle with a radius will have area of area and circumference of circumference

# arithematic
val1 , val2 = 25,20
print(val1 + val2)
print(val1 – val2)
print(val1 * val2)
print(val1 / val2)
print(val1 // val2) # integer division
print(val1 % val2) # mod – remainder
print(5 ** 3) #power

#relational operators: > < >= <= == !=
#output is always – True or False
val1, val2, val3 = 25,20,25
print(val1 > val2) #T
print(val1 > val3) #F
print(val1 >= val3) #T
print(val1 < val2) #F
print(val1 < val3) #F
print(val1 <= val3) #T
print(val1 == val2) #F
print(val1 != val3) #F
print(val1 == val3) #T

# Logical operators: input &output are bool: and , or, not
print(“Logical operators”)
print(True and True) #I did both the tasks
print(False and True)
print(True and False)
print(False and False)

print(True or True) #T
print(False or True) #T
print(True or False) #T
print(False or False) #F

print(not True)
print(not False)

r= –5
if r>0:
area = 22/7*(r**2)
print(“area of the circle is”,area)
else:
print(“Invalid data”)

num=4
if num>0:
print(“Positive”)
elif num<0:
print(“Negative”)
else:
print(“Neither positive not negative”)

# wap to check if a number is divisible by 3 or not
# wap to check if a number is odd or even

# for: when you know how many times you need to repeat something
# while:
# range(=start, < end, =increment) range(3,9,2): 3,5,7
for counter in range(3,9,2):
print(“HELLO, The counter value is”,counter)
##
for i in range(1,101): #when increment is not given, default value is 1
 print(i)


#Generate even numbers from 2 to 100 (both inclusive)
n=12
for i in range(n): #when start number is not given, default value is zero
 print(“* “,end=“”)
print()

”’
* * * * * * * 
* * * * * * * 
* * * * * * * 
* * * * * * * 
* * * * * * * 
* * * * * * * 
* * * * * * * 
”’
for j in range(n):
for i in range(n):
print(“* “,end=“”)
print()

”’
* 
* * 
* * * 
* * * * 
”’
for j in range(n):
for i in range(j+1):
print(“* “,end=“”)
print()

”’
* * * * 
* * * 
* *
*
”’
for j in range(n):
for i in range(n-j):
print(“* “,end=“”)
print()

”’
* * * * 
 * 
 *
* * * *
”’
for j in range(n):
if j==0 or j==n-1:
for i in range(n):
print(“* “,end=“”)
print()
else:
for k in range(n-j-1):
print(” “,end=” “)
print(“*”)


#while
cont = “y”
while cont==“y”:
print(“Hello from While”)
cont = input(“Do you want to continue: hit y for yes anyother key for no:”)

Video Recording

num = 10
while num >0:
print(“hello”)
num=num-1

ch=‘y’
while ch==‘y’ or ch==“Y”:
print(“I am fine”)
ch=input(“Do you want to continue (y for yes):”)

while True:
print(“How are you?”)
ch=input(“Enter n to stop:”)
if ch==“n”:
break #that will throw you out of the loop

# guessing game
num = 45

while True:
guess = int(input(“Guess the number (1-100): “))
if guess<1 or guess>100:
continue
 if num==guess:
print(“Congratulations… You have guessed it correctly!”)
break
 elif num<guess:
print(“Incorrect! You have guessed higher number”)
else:
print(“Incorrect! You have guessed lower number”)

## Menu Options
print(“WELCOME TO MY LIBRARY APPLICATION”)
while True:
print(“1. Issue the Book”)
print(“2. Return the Book”)
print(“3. Add new Book to the library”)
print(“4. Remove a book from the library”)
print(“5. Exit”)
choice = input(“Enter you choice: “)
if choice==“1”:
print(“Given book has been issued!”)
elif choice==“2”:
print(“Book has been returned to the library!”)
elif choice==“3”:
print(“Added the book to the library!”)
elif choice==“4”:
print(“Removed the book from the library database!”)
elif choice==“5”:
print(“Have a good day!”)
break
 else:
print(“Invalid option! Try again”)
continue

####
str1 = 'HELLO'
str2 = "I am fine"
str3 = '''Where are you going?
How long will you be here?
What are you going to do?'''
str4 = """I am here
I will be here for next 7 days
I am going to just relax and chill"""
print(type(str1),type(str2),type(str3),type(str4))
print(str1)
print(str2)
print(str3)
print(str4)

# What's you name?
str5 = "What's your name?"
print(str5)
#He asked,"Where are you?"
str6 = 'He asked,"Where are you?"'
print(str6)

#He asked,"What's your name?"
#escape sequence  \
print('''He asked,"What's your name?"''')
print("He asked,\"What's your name?\"")

print('nnnnn\nnn\tnn')

print("\FOlder\\newfolder")
# \n is used to print newline in python
print("\\n is used to print newline in python")

# \\n will not print newline in python
print("\\\\n will not print newline in python")

str1 = "Hello You"
str2 = "There"
print(str1 + str2)
print(str1 *5)
for i in str1:
    print("Hello")

#indexing
print(str1[2])
print("last element: ",str1[4])
print("last element: ",str1[-1])
print("second element: ",str1[-8])
print("ell: ",str1[1:4])
print("ell: ",str1[-8:-5])
print("First 3: ",str1[:3])
print("First 3: ",str1[:-6])
print("Last 3: ",str1[6:])
print("Last 3: ",str1[-3:])

#Methods - exactly same as your functions - only difference is they are linked to a class
import time
str1 = "HELLO"
print(str1.replace("L","X",1))

sub_str = "LL"
str2 = "HELLO HOW WELL ARE YOU LL"
cnt = str2.find(sub_str)
print("Count = ",cnt)

if cnt<0:
    print("Sorry, no matching value hence removing")
else:
    print("Value found, now replacing")
    for i in range(5):
        print(". ",end="")
        time.sleep(0.5)
    print("\n")
    print(str2.replace(sub_str,"OOOO"))


out_res = str2.split("LL")
print("Output Result = ",out_res)

out_str = "LL".join(out_res)
print(out_str)

print(str2.title())
print(str2.lower())
print(str2.upper())

str3 = 'hello how well are you ll'
print(str3.islower())
print(str3.isupper())

num1 = input("Enter a number: ")
if num1.isdigit():
    num1 = int(num1)
else:
    print("Invaid input")

ename = input("Enter your first name: ")
if ename.isalpha():
    print("Your name is being saved...")
else:
    print("Invaid name")

#WAP to count of vowels in a sentence
para1 = "Work, family, and endless to-do lists can make it tough to find the time to catch up. But you'll never regret taking a break to chat with your friend, Frost reminds us. Everything else will still be there later."
sum=0
for l in para1:
    if l=='a' or l=='A' or l=='e' or l=='E' or l=='i' or l=='I' or l=='o' or l=='O' or l=='u' or l=='3':
        sum+=1
print("Total vowesl = ",sum)
sum=0
for l in para1.lower():
    if l=='a' or l=='e'  or l=='i' or l=='o' or l=='u':
        sum+=1
print("Total vowesl = ",sum)

sum=0
for l in para1.lower():
    if l in 'aeiou':
        sum+=1
print("Total vowesl = ",sum)

#Strings – indexing
str1 = “Hello”
print(“=>”, str1[0]+str1[2]+str1[4])

#methods in Python
print(str1.isdigit())

num1 = input(“Enter a number: “)
if num1.isdigit():
num1 = int(num1)
print(num1)
else:
print(“Sorry you have entered a invalid number”)

username = “abcd3456”
if username.isalnum():
print(“Valid username”)
else:
print(“Username is not valid, enter again!”)
username=“abcd”
print(“alpha: “,username.isalpha())
print(“isalnum: “,username.isalnum())
print(“isdigit: “, username.isdigit())
txt1 = “Hello how are you are you are doing”
print(“lower: “,txt1.islower()) #isupper(), istitle()
print(“title: “,txt1.title())
print(“title: “,txt1.istitle())
# islower() -> lower(), isupper() -> upper(), istitle() -> title()
print(“=> “,txt1.split())
print(“=> “,txt1.split(“o”))
txt_list1 = [‘Hello’, ‘how’, ‘are’, ‘you’, ‘doing’]
txt_list2 = [‘Hell’, ‘ h’, ‘w are y’, ‘u d’, ‘ing’]
print(“Join = “, ” “.join(txt_list1))
print(“Join = “, “o”.join(txt_list2))
print(“”,txt1.count(“are”,10,25))
print(“”,txt1.count(“hello”))
print(” “,txt1.replace(“are”,“is”))

COMPLETE THE PYTHON COURSE FROM HERE:

https://www.netacad.com/

Direct course link: https://www.netacad.com/courses/programming/pcap-programming-essentials-python

# List:  linear ordered mutable collection
list1 = [5,6.1,“Hello”,True,[2,4,9]]

# mutable means you can edit the list
list1[1] = 6.9
print(“List 1 = “,list1)

# non mutables (immutable) objects cant be edited eg. String
str1 = “Hello”
#str1[1]= “Z”  #TypeError: ‘str’ object does not support item assignment
print(“You can iterate through the list:”)
for i in list1:
    print(i)

list2 = [3,6,9,12]
list3 = [4,8,12,16]
print(“list2 + list3: “,list2 + list3)

print(“last member = “,list1[-1])
print(“First 4 values = “,list1[:4])
print(“Number of elements in List 1 = “,len(list1))

### Methods in List ###
list2 = [3,6,9,12]
list2.append(18)
print(“List 2 after append: “,list2)
list2.append(15)
print(“List 2 after append 2: “,list2)

# add the element at a specific position
list2.insert(1,24)
print(“List 2 after insert: “,list2)

## removing
list2.pop(2) #pop takes the index value
print(“List 2 after pop: “,list2)
list2.remove(18)  #remove takes the value of the element to remove
print(“List 2 after remove: “,list2)

list4 = list2
list5 = list2.copy()
print(“1. List 2 = “,list2)
print(“1. List 4 = “,list4)
print(“1. List 5 = “,list5)
list2.append(30)
list2.append(40)
print(“2. List 2 = “,list2)
print(“2. List 4 = “,list4)
print(“2. List 5 = “,list5)

print(“10 in the list = “,list2.count(10))
list2.reverse()
print(“List after reverse = “,list2)
list2.sort() #sort in the ascending order
print(“Sorted list = “,list2)

list2.sort(reverse=True) #sort in the descending order
print(“Sorted list = “,list2)

list2.clear()
print(“List after clear = “,list2)

# Tuples – linear ordered immutable collection

t1 = (4,6,7,8)
print(type(t1))
for i in t1:
    print(i)
t1 = list(t1)
t1.append(10)
t1 = tuple(t1)

# Dictionary : key:value pair

dict1 = {}
print(type(dict1))
dict1 = {3:“Sachin”,“Second”:2,True:False,“Flag”:True}
# 3 ways – keys, values, items
for k in dict1.keys():  #keys
    print(“Key = “,k,” and value is”,dict1[k])
for values in dict1.values():
    print(“Value is”,values)

# iterate through items:
for item in dict1.items():
    print(item,“: key is”,item[0],“and value is”,item[1])

# only a dictionary can be added to a dictionary
temp = {“City”:“Mumbai”}
dict1.update(temp)
print(“Dictionary 1: “,dict1)

#dictionary – mutable  [list is mutable, tuple and string – immutable]
dict1[3]=“Tendulkar”
print(“Dictionary 1: “,dict1)

#copy
dict2 = dict1
dict3 = dict1.copy()
print(“1. Dict1 = “,dict1)
print(“1. Dict2 = “,dict2)
print(“1. Dict3 = “,dict3)
dict1.update({“Team”:“India”})
dict3.update({“Runs”: 12908})
dict2.update({“Wickets”: 432})

print(“2. Dict1 = “,dict1)
print(“2. Dict2 = “,dict2)
print(“2. Dict3 = “,dict3)

dict1.clear()
print(dict1)

admin 0 Comments

Python Programming Uncategorized

Apr 13 2023

Django Learning with Jeswanth

All videos are available here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLF9fJE4vTtTLnXYzr_19r1NVRWuNV892t

BASIC INFORMATION

For Basic information like installation, software to use, history, refer this link:

Click here to refer to basic information

#Server DB Server(Modal – SQL) Controller (Python) View (HTML, Javascript)

print(‘Hello There’);print(“How are you?”)

print(5+3);
print ( “5+3=”,5+3,“and 6*2 =”, 6*2 )

DAY 1 Video here

# y = x+5, find the value of y when x is 4
# 5 is constant – value will remain 5
# x,y – their value can change – variables
# x independent variable, we can put any value
# y is dependent variable (on x), it can take multiple values but that depends on x

#calculate area and perimeter of a rectangle
l=50
b=85
#input values
# input – process (formula) – output (display the result)
area = l * b
perimeter = 2*(l+b)
print(“Rectangle with length”,l,“and breadth”,b,“has an area of”,area,“and perimeter of”,perimeter)

# f-string – formatting the string
print(f”Rectangle with length {l} and breadth {b} has an area of {area} and perimeter of {perimeter}“)

#calculate area and circumference of a circle
#independent variable here is radius
r = 13
area = 3.14 * r * r #pi is constant value 3.14
c = 2*3.14*r
#area and c are dependent variables
print(“Circle with radius”,r,“will have area of”,area,“and circumference of”,c)
print(f”Circle with radius {r} will have area of {area:.1f} and circumference of {c:.4f}“)

name,team,pos=“Virat”,“India”,“Captain”
print(f”Player’s name is {name:<10} from the team {team:^10} and represents as {pos:>15} at the event.”)
name,team,pos=“Manbgwabe”,“Zimbabwe”,“Wicket-Keeper”
print(f”Player’s name is {name:<10} from the team {team:^10} and represents as {pos:>15} at the event.”)

#numeric data types – int, float n complex
var1 = 50 #int – integer, numbers without decimal point
print(type(var1)) #type() – will give the type of the data that is stored
var1 = 50.0 #float
print(type(var1))
var1 = 5j # complex
# square root of -1 : i (in python we say j)
print(type(var1))
print(5j * 5j)
#text type – string (str)
”’ This is a 
multi line
comment in python”’
var1 =‘5’
print(type(var1)) #<class ‘str’>
var1 = True #bool – True or False
print(type(var1))

DAY 2 Video Here

# 5 types: int, float, bool, str,complex
#arithematic
val1, val2 = 20,3
print(val1 + val2) #adding
print(val1 – val2) #subtracting
print(val1 * val2) #multiplying
print(val1 / val2) #dividing – gives a float value
print(val1 // val2) # integer division – gives integer value
print(val1 ** val2) #power
print(val1 % val2) #mod – remainder

# 20/3 = 6 2/3
#conditional / relational operators: > < >= <= == !=
# output: True or False
val1, val2,val3 = 20,3,20
print(val1 > val2) #True
print(val1 >= val3) #T
print(val1 > val3) # F
print(val1 < val3) #
print(val1 <= val3) #T
print(val1 == val3)
print(val1 != val3)

# logical operator: and or not
#input is boolean and output is also boolean
print(False and False)
print(False and True)
print(True and False)
print(True and True)
print(“===============”)

print(False or False)
print(False or True)
print(True or False)
print(True or True)
print(not True)
print(not False)
print(“========”)
val1, val2,val3 = 20,3,20
print(val1 >= val3 and val1 > val3 or val1 < val3 and val1 <= val3 or val1 == val3)
# T
num= 0
if num>0:
print(“Positive”)
elif num<0:
print(“Negative”)
else:
pass

print(“Thank you”)

####
avg =75
#avg>=85: Grade A, 70-85: Grade B, 60 to 70: Grade C, 50-60: D, <50: E
# if avg>=50: You have passed!
if avg>=50:
print(“You’ve passed!”)
if avg >= 70:
print(“Grade A”)
if avg>=90:
print(“You win special award”)
elif avg >= 85:
print(“Grade B”)
elif avg >= 60:
print(“Grade C”)
else:
print(“Grade D”)
else:
print(“You’ve not passed!”)
print(“Grade E”)
#LOOPS – repeating a block of code
## FOR Loop: used when you know how many times to execute a code
## WHILE Loop: beforehand you are not sure how many times but repeat based on some condition

DAY 3 VIDEO

# for: when you know how many times you need to repeat something
# while:
# range(=start, < end, =increment) range(3,9,2): 3,5,7
for counter in range(3,9,2):
print(“HELLO, The counter value is”,counter)
##
for i in range(1,101): #when increment is not given, default value is 1
 print(i)


#Generate even numbers from 2 to 100 (both inclusive)
n=12
for i in range(n): #when start number is not given, default value is zero
 print(“* “,end=“”)
print()

”’
* * * * * * * 
* * * * * * * 
* * * * * * * 
* * * * * * * 
* * * * * * * 
* * * * * * * 
* * * * * * * 
”’
for j in range(n):
for i in range(n):
print(“* “,end=“”)
print()

”’
* 
* * 
* * * 
* * * * 
”’
for j in range(n):
for i in range(j+1):
print(“* “,end=“”)
print()

”’
* * * * 
* * * 
* *
*
”’
for j in range(n):
for i in range(n-j):
print(“* “,end=“”)
print()

”’
* * * * 
 * 
 *
* * * *
”’
for j in range(n):
if j==0 or j==n-1:
for i in range(n):
print(“* “,end=“”)
print()
else:
for k in range(n-j-1):
print(” “,end=” “)
print(“*”)


#while
cont = “y”
while cont==“y”:
print(“Hello from While”)
cont = input(“Do you want to continue: hit y for yes anyother key for no:”)

DAY 4 Video

admin 0 Comments

Machine Learning Python Programming

Apr 8 2023

DS-Weekend-022023

print(“Hello”,5+4,end=”  “)
print(“6+3=”,6+3,end=“\n“)
print(“How are you?”,end=“\n“)

print(“This line \n for new line”)    ;
# integer – int
a=5;
print(type(a))
#string – str

#boolean – bool

#float

#complex

a = 3+5j
print(a*a)  # -16 +30j

#####
#1. WAP to find area and perimeter of a rectangle
# input: what you give to the computer
# process: what is the ask from the computer
# output: what you get back in return
# input: length & breadth
# process: area = length * breadth  and perimeter as 2*(length + breadth)
# output: print the answers (area and perimeter) on to the screen

length = 25
breadth = 15
area = length * breadth
perimeter = 2*(length + breadth)
print(“Area = “,area)
print(“Perimeter = “,perimeter)

length , breadth,name = 25, 15,“Sachin”  #implicit conversion
area = length * breadth
perimeter = 2*(length + breadth)
print(“Area = “,area,“and Perimeter = “,perimeter)

#unpack

#input() – to get input value from the user
length = input(“Enter the length value = “)  #implicit into str
length = int(length)  #explicit conversion to int
print(“Data type of length is “,type(length))
breadth = int(input(“Enter the breadth value = “))
print(“Data type of breadth is “,type(breadth))
area = length * breadth
perimeter = 2*(length + breadth)
# f string – format string
print(f”A rectangle with length {length} and breadth {breadth} has an area of {area} and perimeter of {perimeter}“)
# f-string expanded to float and str
total_cost = 100
num_units = 33
print(f”Total cost  came to Rs {total_cost} for {num_units} pens so the cost of each pen is Rs {total_cost/num_units:.2f}“)
print(f”{3.69:.1f}“)

player = “Virat”
position = “captain”
country = “India”
print(f”Player {player:.<12} is {position:X^15} of {country:->12} team”)

player = “Mbanwaweba”
position = “wicket-keeper”
country = “Zimbabwe”
print(f”Player {player:<12} is {position:^15} of {country:>12} team”)

#Arithematic operations
val1 = 7
val2 = 3
print(val1 + val2)  # addition
print(val1 – val2)  # subtract
print(val1 * val2)  # multiply
print(val1 / val2)  # division
print(val1 % val2)  # remainder
print(val1 // val2)  # integer division
print(val1 ** val2)  # power
print(int(10 ** (1/2)))

#binary value
print(bin(10))  #0b1010
print(hex(0o12)) #0xa
print(oct(10)) #0o12
print(int(0b1010))

# binary operators:  <<   >>   &  |
#Shift
print(10 <<3)  # 1010
print(int(0b101000))
print(10 >> 2)
#Relational or conditional:  >   <    <=  >=   ==  !=
val1 = 10
val2 = 20
val3 = 10
print(val1 > val2) # is val1 greater than val2? – False
print(val1 >= val2) # is val1 greater than or equal to val2? – False
print(val1 >= val3) # is val1 greater than or equal to val3? – True
print(val1 > val3) # is val1 greater than  val3? – False
print(val1 < val3)  #False
print(val1 <= val3) #True
print(“val1 == val3: “,val1 == val3)
print(val1 != val3)
print(“A40” > “90”)

# Logical operator:  and or not
#input and output both are bool values
# and – both have to True to result into True (otherwise its False)
print(“T and T: “, True and True)
print(“T and F: “, True and False)

# or (+)
print(“F or T : “, False or True)
# 2+5*3 = ?
val1 = 10
val2 = 20
val3 = 10
print(val1 <= val3 or val1 > val3 and val1 > val2) # = ?
# T

print(bin(15))
print(“15 & 10 = “, 15&10)
print(“15 | 10 = “, 15|10)

#print(f”15 | 10 = 15{|}10″, )

print(f”val1 <= val3 or val1 > val3 and val1 > val2 = {val1 <= val3 or val1 > val3 and val1 > val2}“)
#print(f”True {and} False”)

l = int(input(“Enter the value of length: “))
b = int(input(“Enter the value of breadth: “))

#conditional statements checks the value
if l>0 and b>0:
area = l * b
perimeter = 2*(l+b)
print(f”Rectangle with length {l} and breadth {b} has area of {area} and perimeter of {perimeter}“)

#another set of if condition
if l>0 and b>0:
area = l * b
perimeter = 2*(l+b)
print(f”Rectangle with length {l} and breadth {b} has area of {area} and perimeter of {perimeter}“)
else:
print(“Sides of rectangle doesnt look valid”)

#
# Check is a number is positive and if positive chck if divisible by 5

value = 50
if value > 0:
print(f”{value} is positive”,end=” “)
if value %5==0:
print(“and its divisible by 5”)
elif value <0:
print(f”{value} is negative”)
else:
print(f”{value} is neither positive nor negative”)

marks1, marks2,marks3,marks4,marks5 = 96, 96,96,96,95

#assign grade on the basis on avg marks:
# avg>90: A, 75-90: B, 60-75: C, 50-60:D, <50: E
avg = (marks1 + marks2+marks3+marks4+marks5)/5
print(“Average: “,avg)
if avg>=90:
print(“Grade A”)
#print(“Result: You have Passed”)
elif avg>=75:
print(“Grade B”)
#print(“Result: Passed”)
elif avg>=60:
print(“Grade C”)
elif avg>=50:
print(“Grade D”)
else:
print(“Grade E”)
print(“Result: Failed”)

#
print(“===================”)
flag = 0 #didnt win dean’s award
if avg>=50:
#print(“Result: You’ve passed!”)
 if avg >= 90:
print(“Grade A”)
if avg >=95:
flag=1
 elif avg >= 75:
print(“Grade B”)
elif avg >= 60:
print(“Grade C”)
else:
print(“Grade D”)
print(“Result: You’ve passed!”)
else:
print(“Result: Sorry You’ve failed!”)
print(“Grade E”)
if flag==1:
print(“You win special dean’s award”)

## checking the greater number between 2 values
val1,val2 = 40,20

if val1 > val2:
print(f”{val1} > {val2}“)
elif val1 < val2:
print(f”{val2} > {val1}“)
else:
print(f”{val2} = {val1}“)

#########
val1,val2 , val3 = 50, 90,20

if val1 > val2:
#print(f”{val1} >= {val2}”)
 if val1 > val3:
if val3 > val2:
print(f”{val1} >= {val3} >= {val2}“)
else:
print(f”{val1} >= {val2} >= {val3}“)
else:
print(f”{val3} >= {val1} >= {val2}“)
else:
#print(f”{val2} >= {val1}”)
 if val2>val3:
if val1 > val3:
print(f”{val2} >= {val1} >= {val3}“)
else:
print(f”{val2} >= {val3} >= {val1}“)
else:
print(f”{val3} >= {val2} >= {val1}“)


#LOOPS- to execute block of code multiple times

#range(a,b,c): a=starting (=), b= ending value (<), c=increment
#range(5,30,5): 5,10,15,20,25
#range(a,b) c is default = 1
#range(4,10): 4,5,6,7,8,9
#range(b), a is default = 0, c is default = 1
#range(4): 0,1,2,3
#FOR Loop – when we know how many times to run

print(“i” in “India”) #True
print(“A” in “India”) #False because A is not in India

for counter in range(5,10,3):
print(“In For Loop:”,counter)

for counter in “India”:
print(“In For Loop:”,counter)

#Run a loop 5 times:
for i in range(5):
print(“i = “,i)

#a way of printing even numbers upto 20
for i in range(0,21,2):
print(i,end=“, “)
print()

for i in range(1,101):
if i %5==0:
print(i,end=“, “)
print()

# WHILE Loop –
ch=“n”
#extry controlled loop
while ch==“y”: #while will execute if the condition is True
 print(“How are you?”)
ch=input(“Enter y to continue, anyother key to stop: “)

#exit controlled
while True:
print(“I am fine”)
ch = input(“Enter n to stop, anyother key to stop: “)
if ch==“n”:
break
###
”’
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
”’

for j in range(5):
for i in range(5):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()

”’
* 
* * 
* * * 
* * * * 
* * * * * 
”’

for j in range(5):
for i in range(j+1):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()

”’
* * * * * 
* * * * 
* * *
* * 
* 
”’
num=10
for j in range(num):
for i in range(num-j):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()

”’
 * 
 * * 
 * * * 
 * * * * 
* * * * * 
”’
for j in range(5):
for i in range(5-j):
print(” “,end=“”)
for i in range(j+1):
print(“*”,end=” “)
print()


#Multiplication table
for j in range(1,11):
for i in range(1,11):
print(f”{i:<2} * {j:<2} = {j*i:<2}“,end=” “)
print()

#match and case
ch = input(“Enter you favorite programming language: “)
match ch:
case “Python”:
print(“You are on Data Scientist track”)
case “Java”:
print(“You are on Mobile App Developer track”)
case “Javascript”:
print(“You are on Web Developer track”)

#Program to take input marks and find avg
ch=“y”
sum=0
counter=0
while ch==“y”:
marks = int(input(“Enter marks: “))
counter+=1
 sum+=marks # sum=sum+marks
 ch=input(“Do you have more marks to add? y for yes: “)
avg = sum/counter
print(f”Total marks= {sum} and Average marks ={avg}“)

#
# guessing number game – human v computer
import random
num = random.randint(1,100) #both start and end is inclusive
attempt = 0
while True:
val = int(input(“Guess the number (1-100): “))
if val<1 or val>100:
print(“Invalid number!”)
continue #take you to the beginning of the loop
 attempt+=1
 if val==num:
print(f”You have guessed it correctly in {attempt} attempts”)
break #throw you out of the loop
 elif val <num:
print(“Incorrect! Your guess is low”)
else:
print(“Incorrect! Your guess is high”)

##
# guessing number game – computer v computer
import random
num = random.randint(1,100) #both start and end is inclusive
attempt = 0
start,end=1,100
while True:
val = random.randint(start,end) #int(input(“Guess the number (1-100): “))
 if val<1 or val>100:
print(“Invalid number!”)
continue #take you to the beginning of the loop
 attempt+=1
 if val==num:
print(f”You have guessed it correctly in {attempt} attempts”)
break #throw you out of the loop
 elif val <num:
print(“Incorrect! Your guess is low”)
start = val + 1 #guess a higher number
 else:
print(“Incorrect! Your guess is high”)
end = val – 1 #guess a lower number

### Using IF Condition in one single line – one line condition
# Ternary operator: condition logic should not be more than 1 line

val1, val2 = 30,40

var1 = val1 if val1 > val2 else val2
print(“1. Higher number is “,var1)

var1 = “val1 is higher” if val1 > val2 else “val2 is higher”
print(“2. Message: “,var1)

### One line for loop
#square the values greater than 5 and cube the values for others
for i in range(10):
if i >5:
val = i**2
 else:
val = i**3
 print(val)

#Above code can be implemented in one line:
print(“Using one line loop and condition:”)
for i in range(10): print(i**2) if i>5 else print(i**3)

Assignment Programs

Exercise 1: Write a program in Python to display the Factorial of a number.

Exercise 2: Write a Python program to find those numbers which are divisible by 7 and multiples of 5, between 1500 and 2700 (both included).

Exercise 3: Write a Python program to reverse a number.

Exercise 4: Write a program to print n natural number in descending order using a while loop.

Exercise 5: Write a program to display the first 7 multiples of 7.

Exercise 6: Write a Python program to convert temperatures to and from Celsius and Fahrenheit.

[ Formula : c/5 = f-32/9 [ where c = temperature in celsius and f = temperature in fahrenheit ]

Expected Output :

60°C is 140 in Fahrenheit

45°F is 7 in Celsius

Exercise 7: Write a Python program that iterates the integers from 1 to 50. For multiples of three print “Fizz” instead of the number and for multiples of five print “Buzz”. For numbers that are multiples of three and five, print “FizzBuzz”.

Sample Output :

fizzbuzz

fizz

buzz

Exercise 8: Write a Python program to print the alphabet pattern ‘A’.

Expected Output:

***

* *

*****

* *

Exercise 9: Write a Python program to print the alphabet pattern ‘G’.

Expected Output:

***

* *

* ***

* *

***

#String
name = “Sachin” \
“Cricket God”
name1 = ‘Virat’
name2 = ”’Rohit
Captain of Team India”’
name4=“””Dhoni 
won the world
cup for India
in multiple formats of the
game”””

print(name)
print(name2)
print(name4)

#substring- subset of data – indexing
name = “Sachin Tendulkar”
print(name[0])
print(name[1])
print(“SCI => “,name[0]+name[2]+name[4])
print(“First 3 characters: “,name[0:3], name[:3]) #nothing on left on : means start from zero
print(“chin => “,name[2:6])
print(“kar =>> “, name[13:16])
#len()
print(“Total characters in name is”,len(name))
print(name[15], name[len(name)-1], name[-1])
print(“First character using backward indexing: “,name[-16], name[-len(name)])

print(“kar using backward indexing=>> “, name[-3:]) #when left black on the right means go upto end

fname = “Sachin”
age = 49
print(“First name of the player is “+fname)
print(“Age = “+str(age))

for i in range(5):
print(“* “*(5-i))

#Data structures
# list, tuple, dictionary, sets

print(“Print all characters: “,name,name[:])

# Strings are immutable: TypeError: ‘str’ object does not support item assignment
val = “HELLO”
val = “hELLO”

txt = “abade”
for i in txt:
print(“* “*(5– txt.index(i)))

## is…() – return either True or False
txt = “highway route number. I AM driving there. since one month”
print(“txt.isupper: “,txt.isupper())
print(“txt.islower: “,txt.islower())
print(“Alphabet & Numeric”,txt.isalnum())
print(“Alphabet & Numeric”,txt.isalpha())
print(“Alphabet & Numeric”,txt.isdigit())

print(txt.upper())
print(txt.lower())
print(txt.title())
print(txt.capitalize())

# split()
print(txt.split(‘o’))
out = [‘highway’, ‘route’, ‘number.’, ‘I’, ‘AM’, ‘driving’, ‘there.’, ‘since’, ‘one’, ‘month’]
print(“====”)
out2 = ” “.join(out)
print(out2)

txt = “I am driving on highway route on number fifteen.”
print(txt.lower().count(“i”))
start_pos=0
for i in range(txt.lower().count(“i”)):
print(txt.lower().index(“i”,start_pos),end=“, “)
start_pos=txt.lower().index(“i”,start_pos) + 1
print()

print(txt.replace(“on”,“over”,1))
print(txt)
#strings are immutable

#LIST
l1 = [2,3,5.5,True,“Hello”,[4,8,12]]
print(len(l1))

print(type(l1))
print(type(l1[0]))
print(type(l1[-1]))

print(l1[-2].upper())
l2 = [False,5,115]
l3 = l1 + l2
print(l3*3)

#lists are mutable
l2[1] = “How are you?”
print(l2)

for i in l2:
print(i,end=“, “)
print(“\n\n### Methods”)
### Methods
l1 = [2,4,6,8,10,2,14]
print(l1.index(2,2))
print(l1.count(2))
print(“1. Current list = “,l1)
print(l1.pop(2)) #removes index element
print(“2. Current List = “,l1)
print(l1.remove(14)) #removes value element
print(“3. Current List = “,l1)
l1.append(21) #adds at the end of the list
print(“4. Current List = “,l1)
l1.insert(3,31) #takes position and the value
print(“5. Current List = “,l1)
#below creating 2 new lists based on l1 values
l2 = l1 #deep copy
l3 = l1.copy() #shallow copy
print(“1. L1 = “,l1)
print(“1. L2 = “,l2)
print(“1. L3 = “,l3)
l1.append(42)
l2.append(52)
l3.append(62)
print(“2. L1 = “,l1)
print(“2. L2 = “,l2)
print(“2. L3 = “,l3)
l1.extend(l3)
print(l1)
l1.reverse()
print(l1)
l1.sort() #increasing order
print(l1)
l1.sort(reverse=True) #decreasing order
print(l1)

#definition: List is an ordered linear mutable collection
subject_list = [‘Maths’,‘Science’,‘English’,‘Social Science’,‘German’]
marks_list = []
sum=0
for i in range(5):
#marks = int(input(“Enter marks in Subject “+str(i+1)+”: “))
 marks = int(input(“Enter marks in Subject ” + subject_list[i] + “: “))
sum+=marks
marks_list.append(marks)
print(“Marks obtained in each subject = “,marks_list,“and total marks = “,sum)

sum=0
for i in marks_list:
sum+=i
print(“Total marks = “,sum)



#Reduce, Map, Filter => later after functions
# TUPLE:
#definition: Tuple is an ordered linear immutable collection
t1 = ()
t1 = (5,)
t1 = (5,4)
t1 = (5,6,7,8.0,“9”)
print(type(t1))
#tuples are converted to list and vice-versa
t1 = list(t1)
t1.append(45)
t1 = tuple(t1)
#tuples are faster than list for reading

#packing
t1 = (3,30,“Hello”) #packing
#unpacking
a,b,c = t1
print(a,b,c)

print((2,3,99) > (3,1)) #checks one by one member untill it finds the greater value

#List – linear ordered mutable collection
# dictionary – ordered collections – key:value pair

dict1 = {}
print(type(dict1))
dict1 = {“name”:“Sachin”,“city”:“Mumbai”,“Runs”:12345,“name”:“Tendulkar”}
print(dict1)
print(dict1[‘name’])
dict2 = {(“Team IPL”,“Team Ranji”):“Mumbai Indians”}
dict1.update(dict2)
print(dict1)

for i in dict1.keys():
    print(i, dict1[i])
print(“Iterating through values:”)
for i in dict1.values():
    print(i)
print(“Iterating through items (key,value):”)
for i,j in dict1.items():
    print(i,j)
for i in dict1.items():
    print(list(i))

print(“Printing the values: “)
print(“Keys :”,dict1.keys())
print(“Values:”,dict1.values())
print(“Items:”,dict1.items())

dict1.pop(‘Runs’)
print(“After pop: “,dict1)
dict2 = dict1  #deep copy
dict3 = dict1.copy()  # shallow copy
t_dict = {“Country”:“India”}
dict1.update(t_dict)
print(“Printing all 3 Dictionaries: “)
print(“Dict1: “,dict1)
print(“Dict2: “,dict2)
print(“Dict3: “,dict3)
#dict1[‘name’]=”Tendulkar”
t_dict = {“name”:“Tendulkar”}
dict1.update(t_dict)
for i in range(2):
    print(“Dict1 before popitem: “,dict1)
dict1.popitem()
print(“Dict1 after popitem: “,dict1)

”’
Write a program to input Roll no. and marks of 3 students in 3 subjects
{101:[], 102:[]}

”’
dict_marks={}

for i in range(3):
    t_dict = {}
    roll=int(input(“Enter the Roll number:”))
    t_list=[]
    for j in range(3):
        marks=int(input(“Enter the marks for Roll no.”+str(roll)+” in Subject “+str(j+1)+” :”))
        t_list.append(marks)
    t_dict = {roll:t_list}
    dict_marks.update(t_dict)
print(“Final data:”,dict_marks)

”’
Assignment program: 
from the below dictionary find the topper for each subject:
{100: [55, 66, 78], 102: [90, 87, 54], 105: [67, 76, 87]}

e.g. Highest in Subject 1: 102 with 90 marks
Highest in Subject 2: 102 with 87 marks
Highest in Subject 3: 105 with 87 marks
”’
#Example 2:
master_dict = {}

for k in range(2):
    t_dict = {“Name”:0,‘Age’:0,‘Email’:0,“Address”:0}
    for i in t_dict.keys():
        j=input(“Enter the client’s “+i+” :”)
        t_dict[i] = j
    master_dict.update(t_dict)
print(“Master Dictionary information: \n“,master_dict)

##################################################
# SETS
set1 = {}
print(type(set1))
set1 = {“Apple”,“Banana”,“Mango”,“Grapes”,“Guava”}
print(type(set1))
set2 = {“Mango”,“Grapes”,“Guava”,“Apple”,“Banana”}

set1 = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
set2 = {1,3,5,7,9}
print(“Union:”)
print(set1 | set2)
print(set1.union(set2))
print(“Intersection:”)
print(set1 & set2)
print(set1.intersection(set2))
print(“Minus – difference”)
print(set1 – set2)
print(set2.difference(set1))  #set2 – set1
print(“Symmetric Difference”)
print(set1 ^ set2)
print(set1.symmetric_difference(set2))
print(“Set1 before pop:”,set1)
set1.pop()
print(“Set1 after pop:”,set1)

list1 = [1,2,3,4,1,2,3,1,2,1]
list1 =list(set(list1))
print(type(list1))
print(list1)
####################  FUNCTIONS ##############################
def myquestions():
    ”’this is a sample function to demonstrate how function works
    it doesnt take any parameter nor does it return anything
    -written on 22nd april”’
    print(“whats your name?”)
    print(“how are you?”)
    print(“Where are you going?”)

def mycalc1(a,b,c):
    print(“MY CALC 1”)
    print(f”A,B and C values are {a},{b},{c}“)
    total = a+b+c
    print(total)

def mycalc2(a,b=0,c=9):
    print(“MY CALC 2”)
    print(f”A,B and C values are {a},{b},{c}“)
    total = a+b+c
    print(total)

def myfunc1(a,*b,**c):
    print(“A = “,a)
    print(“B = “,b)
    print(“C = “,c)


myquestions()
print(myquestions.__doc__)
print(“Doc for print”)
print(input.__doc__)
#doc – first line of code inside the function, must be multiline comment
print(“\n\n\n“)
mycalc1(10,50,90)   #required positional arguments
mycalc2(3,7,19)  #calling default arguments
mycalc1(c=1,a=7,b=3)  #use keywords to avoid positional

print(“Calling variable length arguments:”)
myfunc1(10,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0,4,5,66,44,333,33, name=“Sachin”,age=43,runs=19890)

def myfun1(a,b,c):
    #
    global x
    print(“X = “,x)
    x = 5
    print(“X = “, x)


x=50
myfun1(5,10,15)
print(“in Main x = “,x)
###
def isPrime(n):
    check= True
    for i in range(2,n//2+1):
        if n%i==0:
            check=False
            break
    return check

check = isPrime(51)
if check:
    print(“51 number is prime”)
else:
    print(“51 number is not prime”)

#generate list of prime number between 1000 and 2000

for i in range(1000,2001):
    out =isPrime(i)
    if out:
        print(i)

def myfunc1():
“””This is a sample function to see the working of a function”””
 print(“What’s your name?”)
print(“How are you?”)
print(“Where do you live?”)

def myfunc2(a,b,c): # required positional arguments
 print(f”Values of a,b and c are {a},{b} and {c} respectively”)
total = a+b+c
print(“Total is “,total)

def myfunc3(a,b=0,c=0): # a & b required positional and c is positional not required (default)
 print(f”Values of a,b and c are {a},{b} and {c} respectively”)
total = a+b+c
print(“Total is “,total)



def isPrime(n):
”’isPrime is a function that takes a parameter n and
 check and prints if its a prime number of not”’
 prime = True
 for i in range(2,n//2 +1):
if n%i==0:
prime=False
 break
 return prime

if __name__ ==“__main__”:
myfunc1()
print(“————-“)
print(myfunc1.__doc__)
# doc string: a multi line string and first line in the function
 print(print.__doc__)
print(int.__doc__)

myfunc2(5, 10, 15) # required positional
 print(“Calling My Func3 below:”)
myfunc3(10, 20)
myfunc3(10, 20, 30)

n = 11
 out = isPrime(n)
if out:
print(n, “is a prime number”)
else:
print(n, “is not a prime number”)

# I want to print a list of all the values that are prime between 100 and 500
 print(“Printing list of prime numbers from 100 to 500:”)
for k in range(100, 501):
if isPrime(k):
print(k)

# We are talking about non-positional (or KEYWORD arguments)
 print(“Working on keyword arguments:”)

myfunc2(b=45, c=50, a=70) # for keyword – use same arguments that are already there

 # Module:

P5.py file:

from p4 import myfunc2
def mytask(n):
print(“Hello : “,n)
if n==0:
return 100
 mytask(n-1)

# 5! = 5 * 4!

def myfacto(n):
if n==1:
return 1
 return (n * myfacto(n-1))


###### decorators

def outer():
print(“Line one of outer”)
def inner():
print(“Line 1 of inner”)
print(“Line two of outer”)
inner()
print(“Line three of outer”)



def myouter11():
print(“This is line 1 from myouter 11”)
def myouter22():
print(“This is line 1 from myouter 22”)
def myouter33():
print(“This is line 1 from myouter 33”)
def myouter2(var1):
print(“This is line 1 from myouter 2”)
var1()
print(“This is line 2 from myouter 2”)


if __name__ ==‘__main__’:
out = myfacto(50)
print(“Factorial of 4 is”, out)
outer()
myouter2(myouter33)

P6.py:

#import p5 as SuperFunctions
from p5 import mytask, myfacto, myfunc2
from MyPack1 import modul1
modul1.myfunc1()

#SuperFunctions.mytask(7)
mytask(50)
myfacto(10)

# one line for loop
print(“Option 1”)
for i in range(5):
print(“Hello”)
print(“Option 2”)
for i in range(5): print(“Hello”)
print(“Option 3”)
list1 = [2,4,6,8,10]
for i in list1: print(i)
print(“Option 4”)
prod=1
for i in range(1,10): prod*=i
print(prod)
print(“Option 5”)
mylist1 = [i for i in range(1,10)]
print(“Mylist1 = “,mylist1)

# one line if condition
print(“Condition Option 1”)
num=-5
if num>0:
print(“Positive”)
else:
print(“Not positive”)
output = “Positive” if num>0 else “Not Positive”
print(“Option 1 output = “,output)

print(“Condition Option 1 with Loops”)
### calculate cube of values between 1 and 9
print([num**3 for num in range(1,10)])
### calculate cube of values between 1 and 9 if the value is odd
print([num**3 for num in range(1,10) if num%2==1])
# one line function
print(“one line function Option 1”)
myfun1 = lambda x,y:print(“Total = “,x+y)
myfun1(10,20)
print(“one line function Option 2”)
friends=[“Rohit”,“Rahul”,“Surya”,“Kohli”]
batting = lambda team: [print(“Now batting:”,x) for x in team]
batting(friends)

#MAPS, FILTER & REDUCE
input = [2000,3000,100,200,5000,6000,3000,900,600,500,230,8000]
# all the three concepts works on list – input is a list and output depends upon the task
## 1. map – if there is a single logic (formula) that you need to apply on entire list values
#example: convert these feet into metres: divide by 3.1
some_func = lambda num:num/3.1
out = list(map(some_func,input))
print(“Output = “,out)

# Filter: if there is a single logic (condition) based on whicch you select subset
## subset of values are created when the condition returns True
out = list(filter(lambda x: (x//100)>=10,input))
print(“Filtered values are: “,out)

# Reduce: takes entire data in a list and reduces them to just 1 single value based on the given formula
from functools import reduce
print(“Sum of all the values are: “,reduce(lambda a,b:a+b, input))

PROJECT 1: Working with Dictionary

## Project 1: Create a menu option for billing
## Dictionary: {Item_code: [“Item_Description”,price]}
## create bills for each individual: {item_code: [quantity, price, total_cost]}

from datetime import date, datetime, timedelta, timezone
import time
start = time.time()
for i in range(1000000):
out = i**3+500*i**2+9
time.sleep(1)
end = time.time()

print(“Total time taken by the program to run: “,end-start)


from datetime import datetime
currenttime= datetime.now()
print(“Current time: “,currenttime)
print(“Date: “,currenttime.strftime(“%y-%m-%d”))
print(“Get: “,currenttime.year, currenttime.day, currenttime.minute)
print(“out: “,currenttime.today())
print(“Weekday: “,currenttime.weekday())

from datetime import timedelta,datetime
print(“Yesterday: “,currenttime-timedelta(days=1))
print(“Next week: “,currenttime+timedelta(days=7))

class BookMagazine:
    __publisher = “Eka Publishers”
    def __init__(self, title,page):
        print(“Publisher is: “,BookMagazine.__publisher)
        self.title=title
        self.pages=page
class Books(BookMagazine):
    total_books = 0  # class level variable – all objects and class will return same value
    #object level variables will be inside object methods
    def __init__(self, title,author,page):
        BookMagazine.__init__(self,title, page)
        self.author=author
        Books.total_books +=1

    def display_book(self):
        print(“Dummy Function: Book Created”)
        print(“Title = “, self.title)
        if self.author==“”:
            print(“There is no author name declared”)
        else:
            print(“Author = “, self.author)
        print(“Pages = “, self.pages)

    @classmethod
    def display_count(cls):
        print(“Total book count = “,cls.total_books)
##
b1=Books(“Python Programming”,“Swapnil Saurav”,330)
print(“B1 Display”)
b1.display_book()

b2=Books(“Data Science”,“Swapnil Saurav”,550)
print(“B2 Display”)
b2.display_book()

b3=Books(“Data Visualization”,“Swapnil Saurav”,250)
b3.display_book()
print(b1.total_books)

print(Books.total_books)

#Today’s assignment; Using Class and objects perform addition, subtraction, multiplication,
# and division. Each of these should have unique functions. init should take in 2 input values
# from the user
# Implement atleast one of these: class variable and method, object variable and method

class Magazines(BookMagazine):
    def __init__(self,title,pages,genre):
        BookMagazine.__init__(self,title,pages)
        self.genre = genre

class Library:
    def lib_fun1(self):
        print(“Printing from Library class:”)
        #print(“Publishers = “,BookMagazine.__publisher)  #throws error as private members cant be accessed
        print(“Total Books = “,Books.total_books)

#print(Books.__publisher)  #throws error as private members cant be accessed
#print(b2.)
l1= Library()
l1.lib_fun1()
#Access Modifiers:
## private: only the members of the same class can access
## protected: (one _ variable name): _name, _pub => only derived class can be called
###  concept of protected is there but practically its not yet updated

## public: any member can call members of any class

class Books:
    total_books=0
    def __init__(self,title,author):
        self.title = title
        self.author = author
        Books.total_books +=1
    def display_data(self):
        print(f”Title = {self.title} and Author = {self.author}“)

b1 = Books(“Python Programming”,“Saurav”)
print(type(b1))
b1.display_data()
b2 = Books(“Machine Learning”,“Saurav”)
b2.display_data()
l1 = []
print(type(l1))

##############
#Errors
# Syntax errors – when you dont follow Python rules
# print 5

#logical errors – wrong logic.. a + b = 4 *2

# Exception errors – runtime errors
num1=0
try:
    num1 = int(input(“Enter a number: “))
    #10/0
except (ValueError, ZeroDivisionError):
    print(“You have not entered a valid number, hence exiting…”)
except Exception:
    print(“Some error has occured, please retry!”)
else:
    print(num1)  # ValueError
finally:
    print(“Error or No error I will be called”)
#10/0: ZeroDivisionError
num1=0
while True:
    try:
        num1 = int(input(“Enter a number: “))
        break
    except (ValueError, ZeroDivisionError):
        print(“You have not entered a valid number, hence exiting…”)
    except Exception:
        print(“Some error has occured, please retry!”)
    else:
        print(num1)  # ValueError
    finally:
        print(“Error or No error I will be called”)

# Assertion Error
def print_data(num):
    #perform this only when num >100
    assert (num>100), “Value entered is too small to process”
    return num**num
try:
    out = print_data(100)
except AssertionError:
    print(“Give larger value and run again”)
else:
    print(“Output is “,out)

#########


### create my own exception
class TooSmallValue(Exception):
    def __init__(self,value=0,min=100):
        self.value = value
        self.min = min

#driving code
value = int(input(“Enter a value >100: “))
try:
    if value <=100:
        raise TooSmallValue
except TooSmallValue:
    print(“TooSmallValue: Give larger value and run again”)
else:
    print(“Output is “,value*value)


######### WORKING WITH OPERATING SYSTEMS

import os
os_name = os.name
print(os.name)
if os_name==‘nt’:
    print(“You are using a Windows machine”)
elif os_name==‘posix’:
    print(“This is Mac or Linux or Unix machine”)
else:
    print(“not sure which OS you are using”)

## Some OS specific command
#os.rename(“infy.py”,”infy_apr.py”)
#os.mkdir(“TEST”)

from pathlib import Path
import os

path_loc = Path(“C:/Users/HP/PycharmProjects/pythonProject/”)
for p in path_loc.iterdir():
print(p, ” : Is it a directory: “, p.is_dir())

# Text file processing
fileobj=open(“file1.txt”,“a+”) # read(r), write (w), append (a): r+ w+ a+
if fileobj.readable():
print(“read operations”)
content = fileobj.read()
print(“Entire content:”)
print(content)
fileobj.seek(5) #move to first character
 print(“First 10 characters:”)
print(fileobj.read(10))
# readline will read maximum one line at a time that too current
 fileobj.seek(0)
line = fileobj.readline(1000)
print(“Line: \n“,line)
lines = fileobj.readlines()
print(“==========reading lines”)
print(lines)
fileobj.seek(0)
print(“==========reading lines”)
print(lines)
else:
print(“Its not readable”)

if fileobj.writable():
lines = [‘Twinkle Twinkle Little Star\n‘,‘How I wonder\n‘,
‘What you are\n‘,‘Up Above the World\n‘]
fileobj.writelines(lines)
fileobj.close()

######### CSV Files
import csv

fileobj = open(“D:/datasets/tcs_stocks.csv”) # default mode is r (read)
csv_file = csv.reader(fileobj, delimiter=“,”)
print(list(csv_file))
fileobj.seek(0)
for i in csv_file:
for j in i[:2]:
print(j, end=” “)
print()

fileobj.close()

# create a csv file
header = [‘Name’,‘Team’,‘Matches’]
row1 = [‘Sachin’,‘Mumbai’,222]
row2 = [‘Laxman’,‘Hyderabad’,212]
row3 = [‘Rahul’,‘Bangalore’,333]
import csv
fileobj = open(“sample1.csv”,‘w’,newline=”)
row_writer = csv.writer(fileobj,delimiter=‘|’)
row_writer.writerow(header)
row_writer.writerow(row1)
row_writer.writerow(row2)
row_writer.writerow(row3)
fileobj.close()

###### JSON #############
#json: load, loads, dump, dumps
import json
fileoj = open(“json1.json”,“r”)
content = json.load(fileoj)
#print to check if we got the content or not – this is not how to
#display the json content
print(type(content))
#we will use json dumps to display on to the screen
print(json.dumps(content, indent=4, sort_keys=True))
fileoj.close()

fileoj = open(“json2.json”,“w”)
content1 = ‘{“Name”:”Virat”,”Game”:”Cricket”}’
print(type(content1))
content1 = json.loads(content1)
print(type(content1))
print(json.dumps(content1, indent=4, sort_keys=True))
json.dump(obj=content1,fp=fileoj, indent=4)
fileoj.close()

############ DATABASE ################

# structured v unstructured
# Name, Age, Country, Runs, Wickets

## Library Application
# Table 1: Books
## Columns: BookID (INTEGER), BookTitle (TEXT), Price (FLOAT), Copies (INTEGER)

# Table 2: Members
#Columns: MemberID (INTEGER), Name (TEXT), Email (TEXT), Phone (TEXT), Address (TEXT)

#Relationship:
# one to one:
# one to many / many to one:
# many to many:

# Table 3: BOOKSMEMBERS
# columns: TID (INTEGER), BOOKID(INTEGER) , MID(INTEGER),
# ISSUEDATE (DATE), RETURNDATE (DATE)

# OLTP – Online Transaction Processing (normal ) – Reading + (Editing done in bulk)
# OLAP – Online Analytical Processing (Analytics) – Reading

# CRUD : Create (INSERT), Read (SELECT), Update (UPDATE), Delete (DELETE)

# Roles in DBMS:
## Admin (DBA)
## Database Design (ER diagram, create tables) – SQL
## Application Developers: SQL – CRUD

#### Working with Databases #########
”’
# Constraints: Keys (Primary Key, Foreign Key), NOT NULL, UNIQUE, CHECK, DEFAULT

Table 1: Publisher
Create Table Publisher(
PUBID int Primary Key,
Address varchar(100),
Name varchar(25));

INSERT INTO Publisher Values (101, ‘Hyderabad’,’Eka Publishers);
INSERT INTO Publisher Values (102, ‘Mumbai’,’Best Publishers);

Table 2: Books:

Create Table Books(
BookID int Primary Key,
Author varchar(25) NOT NULL,
Title varchar(25) NOT NULL,
Price float(7,2),
Available bool Default 1,
PubID int,
CHECK(Price>=0.0),
Foreign Key (PubID) references Publisher(PubID)
);

INSERT INTO Books (BookID, Author, Title, PubID) Values (101,’Swapnil’,’Python Programming’,101);

INSERT INTO Books (BookID, Author, Title, PubID) Values (102,’Saurav’,’Machine Learning’,101);


Table 3: Member
Create Table Member(
MEM_ID Int Primary key,
Memb_date Date,
Memb_Type varchar(1),
Address varchar(100),
Name varchar(30),
Expiry_date date);

INSERT INTO MEMBER(MEM_ID, Name) Values(101,’%s’)
INSERT INTO MEMBER(MEM_ID, Name) Values(102,’%s’)
INSERT INTO MEMBER(MEM_ID, Name) Values(103,’%s’)

Table 4: BooksMember

Create table BooksMember(
BMID Int Primary Key,
MEMID int Foreign Key References MEMBER(MEMID),
BOOKID int Foreign Key References BOOKS(BOOKID),
BORROW_DATE Date,
RETURN_DATE Date,
);

”’
import pymysql
db_connect = pymysql.connect(host=‘localhost’,password=‘learnSQL’,db=‘library’,user=‘root’)
cursor = db_connect.cursor()
#cursor.execute(‘Drop table Publisher;’)
tab1 = ”’
Create Table Publisher(
PUBID int Primary Key,
Address varchar(100),
Name varchar(25));
”’
#cursor.execute(tab1)
tab2 = ”’
Create Table Books(
BookID int Primary Key,
Author varchar(25) NOT NULL,
Title varchar(25) NOT NULL,
Price float(7,2),
Available bool Default 1,
PubID int,
CHECK(Price>=0.0),
Foreign Key (PubID) references Publisher(PubID)
);
”’
#cursor.execute(tab2)

tab3 = ”’
Create Table Member(
MEM_ID Int Primary key,
Memb_date Date,
Memb_Type varchar(1),
Address varchar(100),
Name varchar(30),
Expiry_date date);
”’
#cursor.execute(tab3)
tab4 = ”’
Create table BooksMember(
BMID Int Primary Key,
BORROW_DATE Date,
RETURN_DATE Date,
MEM_ID int,
BOOKID int,
Foreign Key (MEM_ID) References MEMBER (MEM_ID),
Foreign Key (BOOKID) References BOOKS (BOOKID));
”’
#cursor.execute(tab4)

########### CRUD Create (Insert), Read (Select), Update, Delete ###
## Peforming Create – using Insert
list_insert = [“INSERT INTO Publisher Values (101, ‘Hyderabad’,’Eka Publishers’);”,
“INSERT INTO Publisher Values (102, ‘Mumbai’,’Best Publishers’);”,
“INSERT INTO Books (BookID, Author, Title, PubID) Values (101,’Swapnil’,’Python Programming’,101);”,
“INSERT INTO Books (BookID, Author, Title, PubID) Values (102,’Saurav’,’Machine Learning’,101);”]
list_insert = []
for statement in list_insert:
cursor.execute(statement)
db_connect.commit() # to save the changes

# Insert by dynamic query

#Remove the multi line comment to practice:
”’
name1 = input(“Enter the Member 1 name: “)
insert1 = “INSERT INTO MEMBER(MEM_ID, Name) Values(101,’%s’)”%(name1)
cursor.execute(insert1)
name2 = input(“Enter the Member 2 name: “)
insert2 = “INSERT INTO MEMBER(MEM_ID, Name) Values(102,’%s’)”%(name2)
cursor.execute(insert2)

name3 = input(“Enter the Member 3 name: “)
insert3 = “INSERT INTO MEMBER(MEM_ID, Name) Values(‘%d’,’%s’)”%(103,name3)
cursor.execute(insert3)
db_connect.commit()
”’
## Update existing value in Member table
update1 = “Update Member Set Name=’Sachin Tendulkar’ where mem_id=101”
cursor.execute(update1)
## Delete existing member from Member table
delete1 = “Delete from Member where mem_id=102”
cursor.execute(delete1)
db_connect.commit()
## Reading using Select
select1 = “Select * from Member”
cursor.execute(select1)
results = cursor.fetchall()
for r in results:
print(r)
db_connect.close()

”’
To practice SELECT Commands, please login to:
https://livesql.oracle.com/

create an account and start practicing
”’

— Reading all the rows and columns

select * from HR.Employees;

— All the rows but given columns only

Select Employee_ID, FIRST_NAME, EMAIL from HR.Employees;

— Restricted columns and restricted rows

Select Employee_ID, FIRST_NAME, EMAIL from HR.Employees where Employee_ID =120;

select first_name||’ has a salary of $’|| salary “Salary Information” , email from hr.employees order by email;

select first_name||’ has a salary of $’|| salary “Salary Information” , email, HIRE_DATE from hr.employees order by HIRE_DATE, email desc;

select first_name, last_name, email, salary from hr.employees where salary > 10000 and salary <18000;

select first_name, last_name, email, salary from hr.employees where salary between 10000 and 18000;

select first_name, last_name, email, salary from hr.employees where salary in (17000, 11000, 13500);

select count(*) from hr.employees

select avg(salary) from hr.employees

select * from HR.Employees;

select * from hr.departments;

select first_name, last_name, email, to_char(hire_date, ‘Month DD, YYYY’), round(months_between(sysdate, hire_date)) Tenure_in_months from hr.employees;

select * from dual;

select 3+3 from HR.Employees where rownum<2;

select 3+3, abs(-80), to_date(‘May 14, 2023 08:01 P.M.’, ‘Month DD, YYYY HH:MI P.M.’) from dual

select Decode(3+5,8,’CORRECT’,’INCORRECT’) from dual;

— Aggregate functions

select JOB_ID, count(*), round(avg(salary)), round(sum(salary)) TOTAL_SALARY from hr.employees group by JOB_ID having count(*)>=5;

— JOINING TABLES

select FIRST_NAME , LAST_NAME, t1.DEPARTMENT_ID, t2.DEPARTMENT_ID, Department_name, HIRE_DATE from HR.Employees t1, hr.departments t2 where t1.department_id = t2.department_ID;

— SUB QUERY

select * from HR.Employees where Employee_ID in (select employee_id from hr.employees);

select * from HR.Employees where Employee_ID = (select employee_id from hr.employees where rownum < 2);

— SET OPERATIONS

select * from HR.Employees where salary <11000

INTERSECT

select * from HR.Employees where salary >20000

DATA ANALYTICS BOOK - Click here to access

import numpy as np
x = range(16)
print(type(x))
x = np.reshape(x,(8,2))
print(type(x))
print(x)
print(“Y:”)
y = [[3,4,5],[2,1,2],[9,0,1],[2,2,2]]
y = np.array(y)
print(y)
print(y[2,0])
print(y[-2,-3])

print(y[1:3,1:])
z = [[3,4,1],[2,3,2],[2,7,1],[2,9,2]]
z = np.array(z)
print(“=======================”)
print(z)
print(y)
print(y + z)
print(np.add(y,z))

print(y – z)
print(np.subtract(y,z))

print(y * z)
print(np.multiply(y,z))

print(y /z)
print(np.divide(y,z))


y = [[3,4,5,3],[2,1,2,2],[9,0,1,1],[2,2,2,4]] # 4 * 4
y = np.array(y)
z = [[3,4,1],[2,3,2],[2,7,1],[2,9,2]] # 4 * 3
z = np.array(z)
print(y @ z) #matrix multiplication
print(np.matmul(y,z))

”’
x + y = 35
2x + 3y = 90
Find x and y ?
”’
# coefficient
coeff = np.array([[1,1],[2,3]])
#variable matrix
solution = np.array([[35],[90]])
## coeff * variable = solution
# variable = inv(coeff) * solution
det_coeff = np.linalg.det(coeff)
print(“Determinant of Coefficient matrix = “,det_coeff)
if det_coeff !=0:
variable = np.linalg.inv(coeff) @ solution
print(“Solution is: x = “,int(variable[0,0]), “and y = “,int(variable[1,0]))


import pandas as pd

y = [[3,4,5,3],[2,1,2,2],[9,0,1,1],[2,2,2,4]]
y1 = np.array(y)
y2 = pd.DataFrame(y)
print(y1)
print(y2)
print(“Y2: \n“,y2.loc[0:2,1:3])
y2 = pd.DataFrame(y,columns=[“January”,“February”,“March”,“April”])
print(y2)
y2 = pd.DataFrame(y,columns=[“January”,“February”,“March”,“April”],
index=[“Banana”,“Apple”,“Guava”,“Mango”])
print(y2)
print(“Y2: \n“,y2.loc[[“Guava”,“Mango”],[“January”,“February”,“March”]])
# loc, iloc

Reference Book- Numpy, Pandas and Projects

data = [[“January”,1500,1900],[“February”,1900,1800],[“March”,1500,1800],[“April”,1000,1500],[“May”, 2300,2500]]
import pandas as pd
data_df = pd.DataFrame(data, columns=[“Month”,“Runs Scored”,“Runs Given Away”])
print(data_df)
print(data_df[“Runs Scored”].mean())
print(data_df[“Runs Given Away”].sum())
print(data_df[data_df[‘Month’]==“March”])
print(data_df[data_df[‘Month’].isin([“January”,“April”,“May”])])
print(data_df.iloc[0])
print(data_df.loc[[0,2,4],[“Month”,“Runs Given Away”]])

#pd.read_csv(“https://raw.githubusercontent.com/swapnilsaurav/Dataset/master/user_device.csv”)
device_df = pd.read_csv(“D:/datasets/gitdataset/user_device.csv”)  #(272, 6)
print(device_df.shape)
usage_df = pd.read_csv(“D:/datasets/gitdataset/user_usage.csv”)  #(240, 4)
print(usage_df.shape)
new_df = pd.merge(device_df, usage_df,on=“use_id”)  #how=inner
print(new_df)

new_df = pd.merge(device_df, usage_df,on=“use_id”, how=“left”)  #how=inner
print(new_df)
new_df = pd.merge(device_df, usage_df,on=“use_id”, how=“right”)  #how=inner
print(new_df)
new_df = pd.merge(device_df, usage_df,on=“use_id”, how=“outer”)  #how=inner
print(new_df)
# 159+81+113 = 353

CLASS NOTES HERE (BELOW CODE)

# Univariate: Histogram, Bar chart,

# Bivariate: Scatter

import pandas as pd
data = pd.read_csv(“D:\\datasets\\gitdataset\\hotel_bookings.csv”)
print(data.shape)
print(data.dtypes)

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
data_30 = data.columns[:30]
#print(data_30)
color_list=[“#00FF00”,“#FF0000”]
sns.heatmap(data[data_30].isnull(), cmap=sns.color_palette(color_list))
plt.show()
import numpy as np
”’
for i in data.columns:
 missing_cnt = np.mean(data[i].isnull())
 print(f”{i} has {missing_cnt*100}% of missing values”)
”’
for i in data.columns:
missing_cnt = np.mean(data[i].isnull())
if missing_cnt >0.8:
print(f”{i} has {missing_cnt*100}% of missing values”)

## Company has more than 94% missing data – so lets drop it
# axis = 0 – row & axis = 1 – column
data = data.drop([‘company’], axis=1) # column company will be dropped
print(“Shape after dropping company: “,data.shape)
for i in data.columns:
#check for row missing
 missing = data[i].isnull()
num_missing = np.sum(missing)
if num_missing > 0:
data[f’{i}_ismissing’] = missing
missing_cnt = np.mean(data[i].isnull())
if missing_cnt >0.8:
print(f”{i} has {missing_cnt*100}% of missing values”) #company is not there now
print(“Shape after adding _ismissing columns: “,data.shape)
# create a new column which will store the missing number of values for each row
is_missing_col = [col for col in data.columns if “ismissing” in col]
data[“num_missing_cnt”] = data[is_missing_col].sum(axis=1)
print(data[“num_missing_cnt”])
# selecting rows with more thab 12 missing values
index_missing_col = data[data[‘num_missing_cnt’]>12].index
data = data.drop(index_missing_col, axis=0)
print(“Shape after removing missing rows: “,data.shape)

# find the missing values:
cols_num = data.select_dtypes(include=[np.number])
all_num_cols = cols_num.columns.values
for i in all_num_cols: #list of columns which are numeric
 missing_cnt = np.mean(data[i].isnull())
if missing_cnt >0.00:
#print(f”{i} has {missing_cnt*100}% of missing values”)
 med = data[i].median()
data[i] = data[i].fillna(med)


”’
children has 2.0498257606219004% of missing values – FLOAT
babies has 11.311318858061922% of missing values – FLOAT
agent has 13.687005763302507% of missing values – FLOAT

meal has 11.467129071170085% of missing values – CAT
country has 0.40879238707947996% of missing values – CAT
deposit_type has 8.232810615199035% of missing values – CAT

”’


#handle categorical values
data[‘agent’] = pd.Categorical(data.agent)
mode = data[‘agent’].describe()[‘top’]
data[‘agent’] = data[‘agent’].fillna(mode)

data[‘meal’] = pd.Categorical(data.agent)
mode = data[‘meal’].describe()[‘top’]
data[‘meal’] = data[‘meal’].fillna(mode)

data[‘country’] = pd.Categorical(data.agent)
mode = data[‘country’].describe()[‘top’]
data[‘country’] = data[‘country’].fillna(mode)

data[‘deposit_type’] = pd.Categorical(data.agent)
mode = data[‘deposit_type’].describe()[‘top’]
data[‘deposit_type’] = data[‘deposit_type’].fillna(mode)

print(“Final check for missing values:”)
for i in all_num_cols: #list of columns which are numeric
 missing_cnt = np.mean(data[i].isnull())
if missing_cnt >0.00:
print(f”{i} has {missing_cnt*100}% of missing values”)

CLASS NOTES ON BASIC PLOTS

KAGGLE LINK TO PRACTICE GRAPHS

ADVANCED PYTHON LIBRARY FOR PLOTTING

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns

url = “https://www.hubertiming.com/results/2017GPTR10K”
from urllib.request import urlopen
html_code = urlopen(url)

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html_code,“lxml”)
print(soup.title)
all_a = soup.find_all(‘a’) # returns as a list of all values
print(all_a)
for link in all_a:
print(link.get(“href”))

import re
rows = soup.find_all(‘tr’)
list_rows = []
for row in rows:
row_td = row.find_all(‘td’)
row_td = str(row_td)
#row_td = BeautifulSoup(row_td,”lxml”).get_text()
 #print(row_td)
 pattern = re.compile(‘<.*?>‘)
row_td = (re.sub(pattern,“”,row_td))
list_rows.append(row_td)

#Data clearning
list_rows = list_rows[5:] #removing not required rows
# 2. convert into dataframe
data_df = pd.DataFrame(list_rows)

# 3. split into different columns
data_df = data_df[0].str.split(‘,’,expand=True)
print(data_df)

”’
<tr>
<th> – header
<td> – data
”’
all_headers = []
headers = str(soup.find_all(“th”))
headers = BeautifulSoup(headers,“lxml”).get_text()
all_headers.append(headers)
header_df = pd.DataFrame(all_headers)
header_df = header_df[0].str.split(‘,’,expand=True)
print(header_df)
main_df = [header_df, data_df]
main_df = pd.concat(main_df)
print(“=============\n\n“)
main_df = main_df.rename(columns=main_df.iloc[0])
main_df = main_df.drop(main_df.index[0])
main_df = main_df.dropna(axis=0, how=“any”)
#remove [ from first col and ] from last column
main_df.rename(columns={‘[Place’ : ‘Place’}, inplace=True)
main_df.rename(columns={‘ Team]’ : ‘Team’}, inplace=True)
main_df[‘Place’] = main_df[‘Place’].str.strip(‘[‘)
main_df[‘Team’] = main_df[‘Team’].str.strip(‘]’)
print(main_df)
print(main_df.info())

Above code available here (Click to access)

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
url=“D:\\datasets\\OnlineRetail\\order_reviews.csv”
reviews_df = pd.read_csv(url)
print(list(reviews_df.columns))

## 1. convert entire text to lowercase
## 2. compatibility decomposition
## 3. convert into utf8
## 4. removing accent
## 5. sentences into words
## 6. remove stop words

import unicodedata
import nltk
# nltk.download(‘punkt’)

## Function to perform steps 1 to 6
def basic_nlp_analysis(text):
text = text.lower()
#Below code will perform:
 ## 2. compatibility decomposition
 ## 3. convert into utf8
 ## 4. removing accent
 text = unicodedata.normalize(‘NFKD’,text).encode(‘ascii’, errors=‘ignore’).decode(‘utf-8’)
## 5. sentences into words
 words = nltk.tokenize.word_tokenize(text)

## 6. remove stop words
 STOP_WORDS = set(w for w in nltk.corpus.stopwords.words(‘portuguese’))
words = tuple (t for t in words if t not in STOP_WORDS and t.isalpha())

return words

commented_reviews = reviews_df[reviews_df[‘review_comment_message’].notnull()].copy()
print(commented_reviews[‘review_comment_message’])
# will apply basic nlp operations on the column
commented_reviews[‘review_comment_words’] = commented_reviews[‘review_comment_message’].apply(basic_nlp_analysis)

print(commented_reviews[‘review_comment_words’])

Rental Yield Analysis (Housing.com)

Club Mahindra Analysis

Data Visualization Projects - Pareto, Pivot, etc

About Probability and Probability distribution - Book

INFERENTIAL STATS:

Predicting for the population from the sample data

Led by probability – an event you are interested in / total possible outcome

1/6

Head/Tail: ½

Discrete and Continuous

Bayes theorem – p (probability of success) & q (probability of failure)

q = 1-p

Probability (1 time event) and Probability distribution (repetition)

Toss coin one after another: Sample Space: TT, HH, TH, HT = 2/4

Toss 2 coins at the same time: Sample Space: TT, HH, TH

REFER PROBABBILITY

REFER PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

REFER HYPOTHESIS TESTING HERE

admin 0 Comments

Machine Learning Python Programming

Apr 1 2023

Weekend DS Batch April 2023

Download software and make it ready for programming.. refer this link

#1. Python programming-  Python interpreter (python.org)
#2. Data analytics - desriptive stats
#3. Python visualization
#4. Database & SQL (OLTP)
#5. Inferential stats
#6. warehousing (OLAP)
#7. machine learning (using Python)
#8.Visualization using Power BI  ====>
#9. Machine learning using R programming
#10. Intro Tableau
# each topic will have a project
#assignments - they will not have code
# go through job description of the jobs you are interested in and put them in an excel
# you X against topics you know

#how to build your resume/profile
###################
# 1. Software to install: Python interpreter from Python.org
# 2. IDE - Integrated Development Environment
##  pycharm, vs code, jupyter, colab (online)
print("Hello Everyone",end=". ");  #this is comment which will not be executed by Python.
print("wiefsisdkjnsjdosidviosdosdiv");
print("Hello","How are you?","I am fine");print("5+4=",5+4,"another equation: 6+4=",6+4)
# f-string (format string)
print(f"5+4={5+4} another equation: 10/3={10/3:.2f}",end="")
#data type-what kind of value is it? - integer(int), float, complex,string (str), boolean(bool)
print()
var1=5  #<class 'int'>
print(type(var1))
var1="HEllo"
print(type(var1)) #<class 'str'>
var1=5.0  #<class 'float'>
print(type(var1))

var1=5j  #<class 'complex'>
print(type(var1))
print(var1 * var1)

#bool
var1 = True  #False
print(type(var1))
var1= "true"

admin 0 Comments

Uncategorized

Mar 21 2023

SQL Tutorial March 2023

SQL Programming - Sessions

select * from hr.employees;

Select first_name, last_name, email from hr.employees;

Select first_name, last_name, email,salary from hr.employees where salary > 7000;

select first_name || ‘ ‘ ||last_name “FULL NAME”, email “EMAIL ID”,salary from hr.employees where salary > 7000;

Select first_name name, last_name last,salary, DEPARTMENT_ID from hr.employees where salary > 7000 and DEPARTMENT_ID=100;

Select first_name name, last_name last,salary, DEPARTMENT_ID from hr.employees where salary > 7000 or DEPARTMENT_ID=100;

Select first_name name, last_name last,salary, DEPARTMENT_ID, COMMISSION_PCT from hr.employees where COMMISSION_PCT IS NOT NULL;

Select first_name name, last_name last,salary, DEPARTMENT_ID, COMMISSION_PCT from hr.employees where COMMISSION_PCT <> NULL;

Select first_name name, last_name last,salary, DEPARTMENT_ID, COMMISSION_PCT from hr.employees where DEPARTMENT_ID <> 100;

Select first_name name, last_name last,salary, DEPARTMENT_ID, COMMISSION_PCT from hr.employees where DEPARTMENT_ID <> 100 and last_name =’Tuvault’;

Select first_name name, last_name last,salary, DEPARTMENT_ID, COMMISSION_PCT from hr.employees where DEPARTMENT_ID <> 100 and first_name like’A%’;

Select first_name name, last_name last,salary, DEPARTMENT_ID, COMMISSION_PCT from hr.employees where DEPARTMENT_ID <> 100 and first_name like’%t%t%’;

Select first_name name, last_name last,salary, DEPARTMENT_ID, COMMISSION_PCT from hr.employees where DEPARTMENT_ID <> 100 order by first_name;

Select first_name name, last_name last,salary, DEPARTMENT_ID, COMMISSION_PCT from hr.employees where DEPARTMENT_ID <> 100 order by first_name desc;

Select first_name name, last_name last,salary, DEPARTMENT_ID, COMMISSION_PCT from hr.employees where DEPARTMENT_ID <> 100 order by DEPARTMENT_ID, first_name;

Select first_name name, last_name last,salary, DEPARTMENT_ID, COMMISSION_PCT from hr.employees order by COMMISSION_PCT NULLS FIRST;

Select first_name name, last_name last,salary, DEPARTMENT_ID, COMMISSION_PCT from hr.employees order by COMMISSION_PCT DESC

Select first_name name, last_name last,salary, DEPARTMENT_ID, COMMISSION_PCT from hr.employees where DEPARTMENT_ID <> 100;

Select first_name name, last_name last,salary, DEPARTMENT_ID, COMMISSION_PCT from hr.employees where DEPARTMENT_ID > 100;

Select first_name name, last_name last,salary, DEPARTMENT_ID, COMMISSION_PCT from hr.employees where DEPARTMENT_ID < 100;

Select first_name name, last_name last,salary, DEPARTMENT_ID, COMMISSION_PCT from hr.employees where DEPARTMENT_ID = 100;

Watch Day 1 Tutorial

select * from hr.employees;

select * from dual;

— Functions that work on rows

select abs(-99), round(45.61) from dual;

select to_number(‘12345.12678′,’99999.99999’) from dual;

select ‘12345.12678’ from dual;

— 12-Jan-2023

select to_date(‘May 15, 2023 5:25 P.M.’,’Month dd, yyyy HH:MI P.M.’) from dual;

select to_char(to_date(’11 January, 2023 5:25 P.M.’,’HH Month, yyyy DD:MI P.M.’), ‘Mon dd yyyy hh:mi’) from dual;

select first_name, last_name, hire_date, to_char(hire_date, ‘Month dd yyyy hh:mi’), salary, to_char(salary,’$99,999.9′) from hr.employees;

— DECODE

select decode(5+3,9,’Correct’,’Incorrect’) from dual;

— AGGREAGATE Functions – that work on columns

select count(*), round(avg(salary)), sum(salary), min(salary), max(salary) ,DEPARTMENT_ID from hr.employees group by DEPARTMENT_ID having avg(salary) > 7000;

Video 2 Functions access here

Select * from hr.employees;

select * from hr.departments;

— Cartesian

select first_name, last_name, e.DEPARTMENT_ID, DEPARTMENT_NAME from hr.employees e , hr.departments d

select first_name, last_name, e.DEPARTMENT_ID, DEPARTMENT_NAME from hr.employees e join hr.departments d on (e.DEPARTMENT_ID=d.department_ID)

— Right Outer

select first_name, last_name, e.DEPARTMENT_ID, DEPARTMENT_NAME from hr.employees e , hr.departments d where e.DEPARTMENT_ID (+)=d.department_ID

— Left Outer

select first_name, last_name, e.DEPARTMENT_ID, DEPARTMENT_NAME from hr.employees e , hr.departments d where e.DEPARTMENT_ID =d.department_ID (+)

— FULL OUTER

select first_name, last_name, e.DEPARTMENT_ID, DEPARTMENT_NAME from hr.employees e full outer join hr.departments d on (e.DEPARTMENT_ID=d.department_ID)

— Sub query

select * from HR.employees where first_name in (select first_name from hr.employees where salary>6000)

select * from HR.employees where department_ID = (select department_ID from hr.departments where department_name=’Shipping’)

select * from HR.employees e, hr.departments d where e.DEPARTMENT_ID =d.department_ID and d.department_name = ‘Shipping’

Video Session here

admin 0 Comments

Python Programming

Mar 20 2023

Sessions with Pradyun

Follow Python Installation Steps From Here: Https://Learn.Swapnil.Pw/Python/Pythoninstallation/

Python IDEs – Https://Learn.Swapnil.Pw/Python/Pythonides/

print("HELLO")

# 1. INSTALLATION - getting your computer ready
# a. you can practice online at Google Colab (colab.reaserch.google.com)
# b. install all software on your machine -
## i. install Python : python.org and download the version of your choice
## ii. you can program on Python but its very easy to do
## iii. Another software to make it user friendly - IDE
## integrated development environment - you can practice
##  eg Pycharm (jetbrains.com), VS Code , Notebooks like Jupyter, etc

print(‘Hello’,end=“\n”);print(“Good Morning”, end=“.     \n3.”);  # end has invisible new line
print(“Hope you are doing well”,end=“\n”);

print(‘Hello’,end=“\n”)
print(“Good Morning”, end=“.     \n3.”);  # end has invisible new line
print(“Hope you are doing well”,end=“\n”)

print("HELLO", end="\n")
print("Good Morning")
# variables - we variable to store data and use it again and again when we want it

var1 = 5
# single line comment
# integer means - numbers without decimal part- includes _ve , +ve & zero

# type() - it gives the data type of the variable
print(type(var1))  # integer - int

# basic data types in Python- integer, float, string, boolean & complex
# basic = single value
print(var1)
var1 = 5.0 #float
print(type(var1))

var1 = 5+2j
print(type(var1))
print(var1 * var1)  # 25 -4 +20j
print(2j * 2j)

var1 = "7890"
print(type(var1))  # str -> string

var2 = '5.4t'
print(var2)
print(type(var2))

#bool -> boolean : True / False
var1 = True
var2 = False
print(type(var1))

### use these values/ variables
# Arithematic operations - input as numbers and output are also numbers
# +  - * /   //   **  %(modulo)
var1 = 14
var2 = 5
print(f"{var1} + {var2} : ",var1 + var2)
print("{var1} + {var2} : ",var1 + var2)
print(f"var1 + var2 : ",var1 + var2)

print(f"{var1} - {var2} : ",var1 - var2)
print(f"{var1} * {var2} : ",var1 * var2)
print(f"{var1} / {var2} : ",var1 / var2)

print(f"{var1} // {var2} : ",var1 // var2) #integer division
print(f"{var1} % {var2} : ",var1 % var2) #remainder from division
print(f"{var1} ** {var2} : ",var1 ** var2) #power- var1 to the power var2
print(f"{var1} ** {var2} : ",var1 * var1* var1*var1*var1)
# round() - round it off to the nearest integer value
###  round(5.1) = 5 , round(5.6) = 6
# floor() - rounds it off to the lowest integer value
###  floor(5.1) = 5 , floor(5.6) = 5  => similar to integer division
# ceil() - rounds it off to the higher integer value
###  ceil(5.1) = 6 , ceil(5.6) = 6

# types of variables (data types) - Basic data types - they can store only one value at a time
var1 = 5  # integer - int
var1 = 5.0 # float
var1 = 5j #complex
var1 = "5" #string - str
var1 = False #boolean - bool
# arithematic operators:  + - *  /   //  %(mod)  ** (power)
# Comparison operators: numeric as input and output is bool
num1, num2 = 10,20
print(num1, num2)
#  >   >=    <=   <   ==  !=
print("num1==10: ",num1==10) # is num1 equal to 10 ?
print("num1!=10: ",num1!=10) # is num1 not equal to 10?
print(num1 > num2)
print(num1 < num2)
print(num1 >= 10)
print(num1 <= num2)

# Logical operators
#input values and output values - are all boolean
#operations =  and  or  not
print("not True: ",not True)
print("not False: ",not False)
# and -> both values have to be True for it to be True else its False
print(True and False)
#tell: I will do this work and that work
#actual: I did only this work
#did I meet my committment ? - NO
# or - both values have to be False to be False otherwise its always True
#tell: I will do this work or that work
#actual: I did both
print("OR = ", True or False)
num1,num2 = 10,20
print("==> ",num1==10 and num1!=10 or num1 > num2  and num1 < num2 or num1 >= 10 or num1 <= num2)
# True

radius = 4
pi = 3.14
area_of_circle = pi * radius**2
circumference = 2 * pi * radius
print("Area of a circle with radius",radius,"is",area_of_circle,"square unit and circumference is",circumference,"unit")
# f - string is for formatting
print(f"Area of a circle with radius {radius} is {area_of_circle} square unit and circumference is {circumference} unit")

# Assignment -
# 1. WAP to find area and perimeter for a square
# 2. WAP to find area and perimeter for a rectangle
# for both the programs, display output is complete message as we have done above with circle.

# to check given number is an odd or even ?
# 5 - odd, 6 - even
num1 = 5
if num1 % 2==0:
    print("EVEN Number")
else:
    print("ODD Number")

num=0
if num>0:
    print(“Number is positive”)

if num>0:
    print(“Number is positive”)
else:
    print(“Number is not positive”)
num=11
if num>0:
    print(“Number is positive”)
    if num%2==0:
        print(“Its even”)
    else:
        print(“Its odd”)
elif num<0:
    print(“Number is negative”)
else:
    print(“Neither positive nor negative”)

#WAP to check if a number is Odd or Even

#WAP to assign grade based on marks obtained
avg = 85
#avg>=85: A, 70-85: B, 60-70: C, 50 to 60: D, <50- E

#LOOPS are used to repeat multiple times
#FOR – when u know exactly how many times to repeat
# range(start(=),stop(<),increment(=)) = range(5,25,5): 5,10,15,20
for counter in range(5,25,5):
    print(counter)

# range(start(=),stop(<)) = range(5,10) default increment = 1: 5,6,7,8,9
for counter in range(5,10):
    print(counter)

# range(stop(<)) = range(4) DEFAULT start= 0,default increment = 1: 0,1,2,3
for counter in range(4):
    print(counter)

#WHILE – till a condition is true
count = 10
while count<=15:
    print(“Value = “,count)
    count=count+1

for v in range(1,11):
    for r in range(1,11):
        print(f”{r:<2} * {v:<2} = {v*r:<2}“,end=”  “)
    print()

”’
    *
   * *
  * * * 
 * * * * 
* * * * *
”’
for i in range(5):
    for j in range(4-i):
        print(” “,end=“”)
    for k in range(i+1):
        print(“*”,end=” “)
    print()

############# Assignment
”’
* * * * * 
 * * * * 
  * * * 
   * * 
    * 
”’

#Guessing game: Computer v Human
import random
#guess = 25
guess = random.randint(1,100)
counter = 0
while True:
num = int(input(“Guess the number between 1 and 100: “))
if num<1 or num>100:
print(“Invalid guess, try again!”)
continue
 counter+=1
 if num==guess:
print(f”Congratulations! You got it right in {counter} attemmpts.”)
break #throw you out of the loop
 elif num<guess:
print(“Incorrect, You’re guess is lower!”)
else:
print(“Incorrect, You’re guess is higher!”)

#Guessing game: Computer v Computer
import random
#guess = 25
guess = random.randint(1,100)
counter = 0
start,end=1,100
while True:
#num = int(input(“Guess the number between 1 and 100: “))
 num = random.randint(start,end)
if num<1 or num>100:
print(“Invalid guess, try again!”)
continue
 counter+=1
 if num==guess:
print(f”Congratulations! You got it right in {counter} attemmpts.”)
break #throw you out of the loop
 elif num<guess:
print(“Incorrect, You’re guess is lower!”)
start=num+1
 else:
print(“Incorrect, You’re guess is higher!”)
end=num-1

###############
txt = “Hello”
# indexing
print(txt[0]) #counting in Python starts from zero
print(txt[4])
print(txt[-1])

admin 0 Comments

Python Programming

Feb 16 2023

Python Class with Advait

#variables are used to store some values
var1 = 50
var2 = 100
print(var1 + var2)

var1 = 500
var2 = 100
print(var1 + var2)
#Basic

#datatypes: str, int, float, bool, complex
var1 = "HELLO" # str - you have the value in quoation
print(type(var1))
var1 = 100  #without any decimal part - integer(int)
print(type(var1))
var1 = 100.0  #float value
print(type(var1))
var1 = True #bool - False
print(type(var1))
var1 = 5j  #complex (python)=imaginary (maths)
var2 = var1 * var1 #implicit conversion into complex since var1 is also complex
print(var2)
print(type(var1))
#
var1 = 100
var2 = 3.5
var3 = var1 + var2 #implicit conversion into float since var2 is a float
print()

str1 = "55"
str1 = int(str1) #explicit conversion
#int(), str(), float(), bool(), complex()
var1 = 0;var1 = bool(var1);print(var1);  #False - bool

var1 = "";
var1 = bool(var1);
print(var1) ; #False - bool


len = float(input("Enter length of the rectangle: "))
breadth = float(input("Enter breadth of the rectangle: "))
area = len * breadth
print("Area of the rectangle is ",area)
print(f"Rectangle with length = {len} and breadth = {breadth} has an area of {area:.1f}")

player = "Imbababonbeta"
country = "Zimbabwe"
position = "wicket-keeper"
print(f"Player {player:<16} plays for {country:^10} and is {position:>15} of the team")
player = "Rohit"
country = "India"
position = "captain"
print(f"Player {player:<16} plays for {country:^10} and is {position:>15} of the team")

#Player Imbababonbeta plays for Zimbabwe and is wicket-keeper of the team
#Player Rohit         plays for  India    and is       captain       of the team


########
##  OPERATORS
### ARITHMETIC OPERATORS: + - * /
## input values have to be numeric (int, float, complex)
var1 = 50
var2 = 20
print(var1 + var2)
print(var1 - var2)
print(var1 * var2)
print(var1 / var2)
#  ** power, 5 ** 4 =>  5 * 5 * 5 * 5
print(var1 ** var2)  # 50 to the power of 20

# how to find square root of 21 ?
print(21 ** 0.5)  #4.58257569495584
#cube root of 21 =
print(21 ** (1/3))

#  //  - integer division
print(10 / 3)
print("Integer Division = ",10 // 3)

# % Modulo - remainder
#20 / 3 = 6 + 2/3
print(20 % 3)
print(50 % 30) # 20 is remainder

# Comparison operators: compare the values (bigger/smaller)
# input as numeric and output is BOOL
var1 = 15
var2 = 25
print(var1 > var2)  #false

#Arithematic operations: + - * / , **, // and % (modulo)
## input as numbers and output was numbers
#Comparison operators: input are the numbers / output - bool
#  >   >=   <   <=   ==  !=
val1 = 30
val2 = 40
val3 = 30
print(val1 > val2) #is leftside val greater than rightside value?
print(val1 > val3) #False
print(val1 >= val3) #is val1 greater than or equal to? - True
print(val1 < val2)  #
print(val1 <= val3) #
print(val1 == val3)  # == is for asking question, are they equal?
print(val1 == val2)  #False
print(val1 != val3)  #False
print(val1 != val2) #True

#bool operators - Logical operators : Input and Output- bool
#Prediction 1: Sachin and Laxman are going to do this job - F
#Prediction 2: Sachin or Laxman are going to do this job - T
#Actual: Sachin and Rahul did the job

#AND - even one False will make output False
#OR - even one TRUE will make output True
#NOT - opposite

val1 = 30
val2 = 40
val3 = 30
print("==>: ",val1 > val2 or val1 > val3 and val1 >= val3 or
      val1 < val2 and val1 <= val3 or val1 == val3 and val1 == val2 or
      val1 != val3 or val1 != val2)
#T

#membership operator - in
print(5 in [2,4,5,6,8])

#bitwise operator - works by converting the numbers to boolean
# binary equivalent of 33 ?
print(bin(33))   #0b100001
print(int(0b101111011111))

# and (&) or (|)  >> (right shift)  << (left shift)
print(22 & 33)  #0
print(33 & 22)   #0
print(bin(33), bin(22))
## 33 = 100001
## 22 = 010110
##  (&) 000000
##  (|) 110111
print(int(0b110111))   #55
print(33 | 22)  # 55

##
print(55 >>2)
# 55 = 110111 >> 1 = 11011 >> 1 = 1101
print(int(0b1101))  #13
print(55 << 2)  # 110111 << 1 = 1101110 << 1 = 11011100

###
# if - checking conditions
val1 = 30
if val1 > 0:
    print("Value is positive")
    print("Positive Positive Positive")

print("Thank you for using my program")

# 300 pts
## ? 300
print("You win")
print("You lose")
print("Tied")


#TUPLE - immutable version of List
str1 = "hello"
str2 = 'Good evening' \
       'How are you?'
str3 = '''Hello there
hope you are doing good
we shall meet soon'''
str4 = """I am fine
how are you"""

print(str2)
print(str3)
print(type(str1))

#functions (global) v methods (belong to a class)
str1 = "hello"
print(str1.islower())
print(str1.isupper())
#isdigit()
val1 = input("Enter length of the rectangle: ")
if val1.isdigit():
    val1 = int(val1)
    print(val1)
else:
    print("Sorry, this is not a valid number")

name1 = "Sachin Tendulkar"
print(name1.isalpha())
txt1 = "hello@123"
print(txt1.isalnum())

###
str1 = "HellOOO how are YOU?"
print(str1.lower())


#### Build a game - guessing number  ####
import random
num = 55
attempt = 0
low,high = 1,100
while True:
    #guess = int(input("Enter the number: "))
    guess = random.randint(low, high)
    attempt+=1
    if guess ==num:
        print(f"You got it in {attempt} attempts!")
        break
    elif guess > num:
        print(f"Hint: Your value {guess} is higher")
        high=guess-1
    else:
        print(f"Hint: Your value {guess} is lower")
        low=guess+1


str1 = "Hello"
print(str1[-1] , str1[len(str1)-1])
print(str1[1])
print("Length = ",len(str1))
# range(a,b,c) - a=initial value, b = ending value, c=increment
# range(2,14,3) - 2,5,8,11
print(str1[0:4], str1[:4])
print(str1[-5:-1], str1[:-1])
# llo
print(str1[2:5], str1[2:])
print(str1[-3:])

vowel_count = 0
str1 = "This is a Sample STATEMENT to test"
for i in str1:
    #print("Hello: ",i)
    if i in 'aeiouAEOIU':
        vowel_count+=1
print(f"Total vowels in '{str1}' is {vowel_count}")

# strings are immutable
str1 = "Hello"
str1=str1[0]+'E'+str1[2:]
print("New str1 = ", str1)

str2 = "This is a Sample STATEMENT to test"
str3="This,is,a,sample,text2,work,on,it"
output1 = str2.split()
output1 = str3.split(',')
print(output1)
print(str2)
print("Index: ",str2.index('i',3,len(str2)))

str4='abcd abc ab a'
#find all indices of b
tot = str4.count('ab')
print("Total bs = ",tot)
srt = 0
for i in range(3):
    print(str4.index('ab',srt))
    srt=str4.index('ab',srt)+1


### LIST: linear ordered mutable collection
l1 = []
print(type(l1))
l1=[3,"Hello",False,5.0, [2,4,6]]

l1.append(45)


#collection - stores multiple values with single variable name
#List, Tuple, Dictionary and Set
#List - linear collection
l1 = [5,"Hello",False,[4,8,12]]
print(type(l1))   #<class 'list'>

#accessing (similar to strings)
print(l1[1][0])
print(type(l1[1]))
print(l1[-1][1])

l2 = [5.6,"Good Evening"]
print(l1+l2)
print(l2 * 3)
l3=[-1]*10
print(l3)

for i in l1:
    print(i)

for i in range(len(l1)):
    print(l1[i])

l4=[]
#read the value from the user and if its number only then add to this list
val1 = input("Enter a number: ")
if val1.isdigit():
    l4.append(int(val1))
print("After first step, L4 looks like: ",l4)

l5 = []
l5.append(100)
l5.append(200)
l5.insert(1,300)  # takes- pos, value
l5.insert(1,400)
print("After addition: ",l5)
l5.pop(2) #input as position(index)
l5.remove(200) #takes values as input
print(l5)

### Stack & Queue ##
## Stack - LIFO data structure

stack=[]
while True:
    print("Enter your options: ")
    print("1. Display Your Stack")
    print("2. Add a member to the stack")
    print("3. Remove a member from the stack")
    print("4. Exit")
    ch=input("Choice : ")
    if ch=="1":
        print("Content of the stack is:\n",stack)
    elif ch=="2":
        pass
    elif ch=="3":
        pass
    elif ch=="4":
        break
    else:
        print("Sorry I dont understand you, try again!")

# Queue: First element added is the first one to go - FIFO (First In First Out)
l6 = [100,200,300,400,100,200,300,100,200,100]
print(l6.index(100))  #element
print(l6.index(100, 2))  # element with start position
print(l6.index(100, 5,8))  # element with start and end pos
print("count = ",l6.count(200))

#Deep and Shallow copy
l7 = l6 #Deep copy - 2 names for same set of values
l8 = l6.copy() #creates a duplicate copy -
print("1. L6 = ",l6)
print("1. L7 = ",l7)
print("1. L8 = ",l8)
l6.append(500)
l7.append(600)
l8.append(700)
print("2. L6 = ",l6)
print("2. L7 = ",l7)
print("2. L8 = ",l8)

# list is linear ordered mutable collection
l6[0] = 110  #edit the value unlike string
print(l6)
l7 = [2,4,6,8,10]
print(l6+l7) #l6 and l7 retains original values
l6.extend(l7) #l6 will get l7 values
print(l6)
print("Before Reverse: ",l6)
l6.reverse()
print("After Reverse: ",l6)
l6.sort()
print("After Sort: ",l6)
l6.sort(reverse=True)
print("After Reverse Sort: ",l6)

l6.clear()
print("Last: ",l6)

str1 = "HELLO HOW ARE YOU"
print(str1.split())
print(str1)  #didnt change as it is immutable

l6.append(66)
print(l6) #existing list got changed as it is mutable

#Sequential search
list1 = [12,14,8,6,10,20,4,10,16,18,2]
num = 10
count_num=0
count_index = []
for i in range(len(list1)):
    if list1[i]==num:
        count_num+=1
        count_index.append(i)

print(f"Number of values = {count_num} and indices are: {count_index}")

# Binary Search
list1 = [12,14,8,6,10,20,4,10,16,18,2]
list1.sort()


num = 22
first = 0
last = len(list1)-1
isFound = False
while True:
    mid = (first+last) // 2
    if list1[mid] ==num:
        isFound = True
        break
    elif list1[mid] <num:
        first = mid+1
    else:
        last = mid-1
    if first> last:
        break

if isFound:
    print("Number is in the list")
else:
    print("Number is not in the list")

Q_LIST = ["What is 1+3? (a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 2 (d) 10",
          "What is 4+3? (a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 12 (d) 16",
          "What is 4*3? (a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 12 (d) 16"]
A_LIST = ["A","B","C"]
import random
q_no = random.randint(0,2)
print("Let's play the Quiz!")
print(Q_LIST[q_no])
inp=input("Your answer please (select a/b/c/d) : ")
if inp.upper() ==A_LIST[q_no]:
    print("Congratulations! You win")
else:
    print("Sorry, thats not right")

### input: 29  3  2023  output: 29th March 2023
months= ["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August",
         "September","October","November","December"]
date_ending = ['st','nd','rd']+17*['th']+['st','nd','rd'] + 7*['th']+['st']
month_val = 3
print(months[3-1])
date = 21
print(str(date)+date_ending[date-1])

#Tuple - linear ordered immutable collection
t1 = ()
print("type 1 = ",type(t1), len(t1))

t1 = (1,)
print("type 1 = ",type(t1), len(t1))
t1 = (1,2,3,4,1,2,3,1,2,1)  #packcing
print("type 1 = ",type(t1), len(t1))
print("4th member - ", t1[3])
print("2s = ",t1.count(2))
print("Position of 3 = ",t1.index(3))
t2 = (2,4,6,8)
a,b,c,d = t2  #unpacking
print(c,d,b,a)

# you can convert tuple to list and list to tuple
t2 = list(t2)
t2 = tuple(t2)
# Tuple like String, is immutable
#advantage is - working with Tuples is faster than reading through a list

#####  DICTIONARY
# Dictionary - mutable collection of key-value pair
d1 = {}
print(type(d1))
d1 = {"Advait":[45,34,89,81],"Saurav":[12,42,23,44]}
print(d1["Advait"])
d2 = {False: 45,45:"Cricket","Name": "Sachin",10:"Zeeeero"}
# dictionary should have unique keys
print(d2)
d2.update(d1)
print("After Update: ", d2)

print("Only Keys = ",d2.keys())
print("Only Values = ",d2.values())
print("Only Items = ",d2.items())
for j in d2.keys():
    print(j," = " ,d2[j])
print("Printing Items: ")
for i,j in d2.items():
    print("Key:",i," & Value: ",j)

# to remove: pop(), popitem()
#popitem removes the last updated KEY (not value)
d3 ={1:"Hello",2:"Hola",3:"Namaste",4:"Bon Jor"}
print("D3 = ",d3)
d3.popitem()
print("After Popitem: ",d3)
d3 ={1:"Hello",2:"Hola",3:"Namaste",4:"Bon Jor",1:"Good Morning"}
print("D3 = ",d3)
d3.popitem()
print("2. After Popitem: ",d3)
d3.pop(1)
print("1. After Pop = ",d3)

actors = {"David":32,"Tim":42,"Rebecca":21,"Mary":45}
male = {"David":"LA","Tim":"NY"}
female = {"Rebecca":"SD","Mary":"WS"}
# David who is a male of 32 years lives in LA
for name in actors.keys():
    print_sentence=name +" who is a "
    for male_city in male.keys():
        if name==male_city:
            print_sentence+="male of "+str(actors[name]) +" years lives in "+ male[name]

    for female_city in female.keys():
        if name==female_city:
            print_sentence+="female of "+str(actors[name]) +" years lives in "+ female[name]
    print(print_sentence)

# $100 – $57
total_amount = 28
#initially
Rs_5 = 2
Rs_2 = 2
Rs_1 = 2+3 #initial 2 plus change of 3
initial_total = 5*Rs_5 + 2 *Rs_2 + 1*Rs_1

yet_to_be_accounted = total_amount – initial_total

print(“yet_to_be_accounted: “,yet_to_be_accounted)
# 12
Rs_5 += yet_to_be_accounted //5
yet_to_be_accounted%=5
Rs_2 += yet_to_be_accounted //2
yet_to_be_accounted%=2
Rs_1 += yet_to_be_accounted

print(“Total Rs 5 stamps = “,Rs_5)
print(“Total Rs 2 stamps = “,Rs_2)
print(“Total Rs 1 stamps = “,Rs_1)

#SETS
A = {1,5,2,6,9}
B = {6,9,11,14,15}
A.add(5)
print(A)

# LIST, TUPLE, SETS => They can be converted to each others form\
l1 = [2,4,6,8,4,6,8,2,6,8]
l1 = list(set(l1))
print(l1)

#they are returning result as a new set, values of A and B will not change
print(A.union(B))
print(A.intersection(B))
print(A.difference(B))

#___update modifies the main set
A.update(B)
print(A)
print(A.intersection_update(B))
print(A.difference_update(B))

# SET - sets - linear unordered mutable collection - doesnt allow duplicate
set1 = {'Apple','Grapes','Banana','Orange'}
print(type(set1))
set1.add('Cherry')
set2 = {"Pineapple","Mango","Apple","Orange"}
# two ways to remove
set1.remove("Banana")
set1.discard("Apple")
#set1.remove("Rose") - if value isnt there throws error
set1.discard("Rose")  #doesnt throw error
print("1. Set1: ",set1)
set1.pop()
set1.update(set2)  #union
print("2. Set1: ",set1)
set1.clear()
print("3. Set1: ",set1)
### SET FUNCTIONS  ####
set1 = {'Apple','Grapes','Banana','Orange'}
set2 = {"Pineapple","Mango","Apple","Orange"}
#UNION
print("UNION")
print(set1 | set2)
print(set1.union(set2))
print("INTERSECTION")
print(set1 & set2)
print(set1.intersection(set2))
print("DIFFERENCE")
print(set1 - set2)
print(set1.difference(set2))
print(set2 - set1)
print(set2.difference(set1))

print("SYMMETRIC DIFFERENCE")
print(set1 ^ set2)
print(set2 ^ set1)
print(set1.symmetric_difference(set2))
#update() will update the values of main set
# set1.union(set2) - this gives a new set as output
# set1.update(set2) - set1 is updated with the values
# union - update()
set1.update(set2)
print(set1)
# intersection: intersection_update()
set1.intersection_update(set2)
print(set1)
# difference_update()
set1.difference_update(set2)
print(set1)
#symmetric_difference_update()
set1.symmetric_difference_update(set2)
print(set1)

# set, list, tuple => they are inter-convertible
list1 = [3,6,9,12,3,6,9,3,6,3]
list1 = list(set(list1))
print(list1)
set1 = {'Apple','Grapes','Banana','Orange'}
set1 = list(set1)
set1.index("Grapes")
set1 = set(set1)
set1 = tuple(set1)
set1 = set(set1)
print(set1.issubset(set2))

#
list1 = [3,6,9,12,3,6,9,3,6,3]
list2 = [3,6,9,12,15]
#does all the elements of list2 present in list1?
t_list1 =set(list1)
if set(list1).issuperset(set(list2)):
    print("yes, list2 value exists in list1")
else:
    print("No, list2 has additional elements")

# MAP FILTER REDUCE
#MAP – large set of data and you want to apply same formula over all the values
list1 = [-3,-6,-15,0,5,999,67,34]
#find square of all these values
list2 = []
for i in list1:
    list2.append(i*i)
print(list2)

# one line function / lambda function

result = list(map(lambda x:x**2,list1))
print(“Map result = “,result)


# FILTER -used to filter out data from a list based on a condition
# logic of the function in filter should be designed such a way that you get either True or False
result = list(filter(lambda x:x>=0,list1))
print(“Filter result = “,result)

#filter out numbers divisible by 3
result = list(filter(lambda x:x%3==0,list1))
print(“2. Filter result = “,result)

#Reduce
#import functools as ft
from functools import reduce
result = reduce(lambda x,y:(x+y)/2, list1)
print(“3. Result from Reduce: “,result)

# function
def my_qs():
    print(“Whats your name?”)
    print(“How are you today?”)
    print(“Where do you live?”)

my_qs()

# function that doesnt take any input argument nor does it return
def mysum1():
a,b,c=10,20,30
 sum=a+b+c
print(“Sum is”,sum)
#function with input arguments
def mysum2(a,b,c): #required positional arguments
 print(“A,B and C are: “,a,b,c)
sum=a+b+c
#print(“Sum is”,sum)
 return sum

out = mysum2(9,18,27)
print(“Out =”,out)

def mysum3(a,b,c=99):  #c is default, a & b are required – positional arguments
    print(“A,B and C are: “,a,b,c)
    sum=a+b+c
    #print(“Sum is”,sum)
    return sum


out = mysum3(9,18,27)
print(“Out =”,out)

out = mysum3(9,18)
print(“Out =”,out)

# 0, 1,1,2,3,5…  fibonacci numbers


def checkvalue(a,b):
    global h
    print(“H = “,h)
    h = 99
    print(“2 H = “,h)
    if a>b:
        return (“is”,a,“a”)
    elif b>a:
        return (“is”,b,“b”)
    else:
        return (“not”,)
h=100
result =checkvalue(10,20)

if result[0]==“not”:
    print(“Both values are equal”)
else:
    print(f”Variable {result[2]} with value {result[1]} is greater”)

# Session on MODULES

#Create a python file with name p2.py and paste below programs there

#Functions
# positional and required
# keyword
# default values
# variable length arguments
def mysum1(a,b):
return a+b

def mymultiple(a,b):
print(“a * b = “,a*b)

def my_sample_func(a,b,c):
print(“A,B,C = “,a,b,c)

def myfunc1(*nums,**details):
“””This is a sample function to demonstrate working of a variable length parameters
 Input:
 nums: will take all the values as tuple. it can be empty as well
 details: store all keyword arguments like a dictionary
 Return:
 doesnt return anything”””
 print(type(nums), type(details)) #tuple, dictionary
 for i in nums:
print(i,end=“, “)
print()
for k,v in details.items():
print(k,v)


if __name__ == “__main__”:
myfunc1(23,21,14,12,15,26,name=“Sachin”,age=49,place=“Mumbai”)

myfunc1(name=“Sachin”,age=49,place=“Mumbai”)

#DocString – this is

 print(print.__doc__)
print(“===”)
print(input.__doc__)
print(“===”)
print(myfunc1.__doc__)

#Run below programs from different file

#import p2 as Amazing
from p2 import mymultiple, my_sample_func

#decorators

def my_main():
    ”’ Example  of a function inside a function”’
    print(“First line in function”)
    def my_subfunc():
        print(“First line inside sub func”)
    print(“Second line in main function”)
    my_subfunc()
    print(“Third line in main function”)
    my_subfunc()
    print(“4th line in main function”)
my_main()

def my_fun2():
    print(“First line from my_fun2”)

def my_fun3():
    print(“First line from my_fun3”)

def my_fun1(var):
    print(“First line from my_fun1”)
    var()


if __name__ ==“__main__”:
    mymultiple(10,20)
    my_sample_func(10,50,80)

    #calling my_fun2 from my_fun1
    my_fun1(my_fun2)  #passing function name as parameter
    #calling my_fun3 from my_fun1
    my_fun1(my_fun3)  # passing function name as parameter

#Recursive functions – they call themselves
import time
def myfacto(n):
    if n ==1:
        return 1
    return n * myfacto(n-1)

start1 = time.time()
out = myfacto(9)
end1 = time.time()
print(“Factorial of 10 is: “,out)
print(“Total time taken by recursion is:”,(end1-start1))

def myfacto2(n):
    prod = 1
    for i in range(1,n+1):
        prod*=i
    return prod
start2 = time.time()
out = myfacto2(9)
end2 = time.time()
print(“Factorial of 10 using Loops is: “,out)
print(“Total time taken by loop is:”,(end2-start2))

import random
var1 = random.randint(1,100)
print(“random number = “,var1)
print(“random number- between 0 and 1: “,random.random())
list1 = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
list2 = [“Apple”,“Banana”,“Cherry”,“Grapes”,“Guava”,“Mango”]
print(“Rolling the dice: “,random.choice(list2))

from datetime import date,datetime,time,timedelta,timezone, tzinfo
from pytz import timezone
#import datetime
print(“Current time = “,datetime.now())
print(“Yesterdat time = “,datetime.now()-timedelta(days=1))
print(“Today’s date: “,datetime.now().strftime(‘%Y-%m-%d’))
print(“This Month: “,datetime.now().month)
date_utc = datetime.now().replace(tzinfo=timezone(‘UTC’))
print(date_utc)
date_utc = datetime.now().replace(tzinfo=timezone(‘Asia/Kolkata’))
print(date_utc)
date_utc = datetime.now().replace(tzinfo=timezone(‘US/Eastern’))
print(date_utc)

# properties we mean – methods (functions) and variables
# class and object levels

class Books:
    num_of_books = 0  #class variable

    def __init__(self,title=“”,author=“”):   #object method
        self.title=title       #object variable
        self.author=author
        Books.num_of_books+=1

    def display_book(self):
        print(“Title of the book is”,self.title)
        print(“Author of the book is”,self.author)
        print(“Total books created is”,Books.num_of_books)

    @classmethod
    def display_classdetails(cls):
        print(“Total number of books =”,cls.num_of_books)

b1=Books(“Python Programming”,“Swapnil Saurav”)
#b1.create_book()
b1.display_book()
b2=Books(“Machine Learning”,“Saurav”)
b3=Books(“Retail Management”,“Swapnil”)
b4=Books(“Data Visualization”,“Swapnil”)
#b2.create_book()
b2.display_book()
b1.display_book()
b3.display_classdetails()
b4.display_classdetails()
b1.display_classdetails()
Books.display_classdetails()
b3.display_book()

# add and subtract

class MyMasthsOps:
    def __init__(self,a,b):
        self.num1 = a
        self.num2 = b
    def addition(self):
        return self.num1 + self.num2
    def subtraction(self):
        return self.num1 – self.num2

op1 = MyMasthsOps(10,5)
print(“Addition: “,op1.addition())
print(“Subtraction: “,op1.subtraction())

#Class and Objects
class Cart:
    items_in_store=[{“item_code”:“100”,“Item_Description”:“Blue color Shirt”,“Cost”:40},
                    {“item_code”:“101”,“Item_Description”:“Chips Packet”,“Cost”:2},
                    {“item_code”:“102”,“Item_Description”:“Chocolate Royal”,“Cost”:5},
                    {“item_code”:“103”,“Item_Description”:“Bread Big packet”,“Cost”:7},
                    {“item_code”:“104”,“Item_Description”:“Shoes 9C”,“Cost”:30},
                    {“item_code”:“105”,“Item_Description”:“Carry Bag 9in”,“Cost”:70},
                    {“item_code”:“106”,“Item_Description”:“Pen Blue Rey”,“Cost”:10}]
    def __init__(self):
        self.list_of_items=[]

    def add_item(self):
        available =“N”
        temp_dict = {“item_code”:“”,“item_desc”:“”,“price”:0,“quantity”:0}
        icode= input(“Enter the item code: “)
        for item in Cart.items_in_store:
            if icode ==item[‘item_code’]:
                available = “Y”
                temp_dict[‘item_code’] = item[‘item_code’]
                temp_dict[‘item_desc’] = item[‘Item_Description’]
                temp_dict[‘price’] = item[‘Cost’]

        if available==“Y”:
            quan = int(input(“Enter the quantity:”))
            temp_dict[‘quantity’] = quan
            self.list_of_items.append(temp_dict)
            print(“Item has been added to your shopping cart!”)
        else:
            print(“This item is not available right now!”)

    def display_items(self):
        for item in self.list_of_items:
            print(item)
    def mainmenu(self):
        print(“Main Menu:”)
        print(“1. Add Item to the Cart”)
        print(“2. Remove Item from the Cart”)
        print(“3. Display the content of the cart”)
        print(“4. Exit”)
        choice=input(“Enter your choice: “)
        return choice

if __name__ == ‘__main__’:
    cart1 = Cart()
    while True:
        ch = cart1.mainmenu()
        if ch==“1”:
            cart1.add_item()
        elif ch==“2”:
            pass
        elif ch==“3”:
            cart1.display_items()
        elif ch==“4”:
            break
        else:
            print(“Invalid Option, try again!”)

# CRUD – Create new data, Read existing data, Update (edit the existing data) & Deleting existing data
# RDBMS – relational database management system
# database structure – logical (how we use the database) and physical (actual files that are saved)
# DBA, Database Developers & Database Architect
# DBA – installing and making sure that the databases are up and running

# OLTP (Online Transaction Processing) v OLAP (Online Analytical Processing)
## CRUD – C, U,D=80%, 20% R v 99% – reading

# Table: Students
# ROLLNO NAME GRADE EMAILID PHONE
# 1 Sachin 5 sa@sa.com 123
# 2 Laxman 7 lax@lax.com 231

# Table: Competitions
# COMPID NAME DOC ORG CONTACTNO


#Table: STUDENTCOMPETITIONS
# ID ROLLNO COMPID RANK

class Library:
book_count = 0 #class level variable

 # __init__() is automatically called when you create the object
 def __init__(self,title,author,price): #object level method
 self.title = title #object level variable
 self.author = author #object level variable
 self.price = price #object level variable
 self.copies = –1
 Library.book_count +=1 #Library.book_count = Library.book_count + 1

 def print_info(self):
print(” Printing Book Info”)
print(“———————-“)
print(“Title = “,self.title)
print(“Author = “,self.author)
print(“Price = “,self.price)

def set_copies(self,copies=10):
self.copies = copies

def get_copies(self):
print(f”Total copies available for the book {self.title} is {self.copies}“)
return self.copies

b1 = Library(“Strangeness”,“George”, 13.50)
b2 = Library(“Python”,“Swapnil”, 19.50)
b3 = Library(“Machine Learning”,“Advait”, 33.50)


print(b1.book_count)
print(b2.book_count)
print(b3.book_count)
print(Library.book_count)
print(b1.title)
print(b2.title)
print(b3.title)
b3.print_info()
b2.set_copies(7)
b2.get_copies()
if b1.get_copies() <0:
b1.set_copies(5)
b1.get_copies()

Class Calculation
1. use init to assign two variables
2. def add(self) , def sub(self), def mul(self), def div(self)

##Main Program
input a and b
c1 = Calculation(a,b)
create: def menu()

# Exceptions
# example 1: ValueError – when u convert non number to integer

”’
1. Syntax error:
print(“Hello) #SyntaxError: unterminated string literal (detected at line 7)

2. Logical Error: Sum of two numbers
a,b = 4,5
print(a*b)

3. Exceptions: Runtime error
1. int(‘n’) # ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: ‘num’
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

”’
#WAP to input two numbers and perform their division
try: #try block is used to check the exception
 num = int(input(“Enter the numerator: “))
except ValueError: #if there is ValueError, code comes here
 print(“You have given an invalid number, resetting it to zero”)
num = 0

except Exception: # if previous exception not valid then it comes here
 print(“Sum error has occurred. Exiting the program”)
exit(0)
else: # if there is no error, then comes to else (not mandatory)
 print(“You are doing good. No error so far!”)
finally: # error or no error, this is called. again its not mandatory
 print(“You are doing good.”)

try:
dem = int(input(“Enter the denominator: “))
except ValueError: #if there is ValueError, code comes here
 print(“You have given an invalid number, resetting it to one”)
dem = 1
try:
div = num/dem
except ZeroDivisionError:
print(“Denominator cant be zero!!! We are terminating the program”)
else:
print(“Division of given values is”,div)

# WAP to input and divide two numbers
try:
num = int(input(“Enter the numerator: “))
dem = int(input(“Enter the denominator: “))
divide = num/dem
except ValueError:
print(“Sorry, we cant move ahead because of the invalid number”)

except ZeroDivisionError:
print(“Sorry, we cant move ahead because we cant handle zero as denominator”)
else:
print(“Answer is”,divide)
finally:
print(“thank you for using our calculator. See you soon…”)

# WAP to input and divide two numbers

try:
    num = int(input(“Enter the numerator: “))
    dem = int(input(“Enter the denominator: “))
    divide = num / dem

except ValueError:
    print(“Invalid number”)
except Exception:
    print(“Some error has occurred. We need to stop”)
else:
    print(“Answer is”,divide)
finally:
    print(“thank you for using our calculator. See you soon…”)

## Another approach
# WAP to input and divide two numbers
while True:
    try:
        num = int(input(“Enter the numerator: “))
    except ValueError:
        print(“Invalid number”)
    else:
        break

while True:
    try:
        dem = int(input(“Enter the denominator: “))
    except ValueError:
        print(“Invalid number”)
    else:
        if dem ==0:
            print(“Denominator cant be zero, enter again!”)
        else:
            break

divide = num/dem
print(“Answer is”,divide)

## Another approach using our own class
# WAP to input and divide two numbers

#creating by own exception
class ZeroValueError(Exception):
    def __init__(self,value):
        self.val = value

while True:
    try:
        num = int(input(“Enter the numerator: “))
    except ValueError:
        print(“Invalid number”)
    else:
        break

while True:
    try:
        dem = int(input(“Enter the denominator: “))
        if dem ==0:
            raise ZeroValueError(dem)
    except ValueError:
        print(“Invalid number”)
    except ZeroValueError as zde:
        print(f”Denominator cant be {zde.val}, enter again!”)
    else:
        break

divide = num/dem
print(“Answer is”,divide)

#Another approach using Assert method
# WAP to input and divide two numbers

while True:
    try:
        num = int(input(“Enter the numerator: “))
    except ValueError:
        print(“Invalid number”)
    else:
        break

while True:
    try:
        dem = int(input(“Enter the denominator: “))
        if dem ==0:
            assert (dem!=0),“Denominator cant be zero, lets stop!”
    except ValueError:
        print(“Invalid number”)
    except AssertionError:
        print(“Dont give zero for denominator”)
    else:
        break

divide = num/dem
print(“Answer is”,divide)

# Files – txt, csv
# r (read mode): only reading, file must be there
# w (write mode): only writing, file needn’t be there (it will be created), previous content gets deleted
# a (append mode): only writing, added on the previous content
# relative path: will not have drive name, can start with / or \\
# absolute path: will start with drive name
filename = “MyPoem.txt”
filename2 = “c:/myfolder/Myfile.txt”
# if file isnt there for read mode:
# FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: ‘/MyPack1/MyPoem.txt’
fileobj = open(filename,“w”)

fileobj.close()

”’
Reading & Writing txt files. Modes in which you can open a txt files:
1. r – reading (you cant write to it)
2. w – writing (this will delete previous content and add the new content only)
3. a – append (old data will be ratained and new data is added below)
4. r+ – reading and writing
5. w+ – writing and reading
6. a+ – writing and reading

operations:
reading: read(), readline(), readlines()
writing: write(), writelines()

1. Open the file using a handle to the object
2. whatever you want to do – read/write/
3. Close the file

Absolute path: complete path, with the drive letter:  D:\\Files\\file.txt
Relative path: path is mentioned with respect to the python file which has the code: /data/abc.txt

”’

file=“MyLearn.txt”
try:
    fileobj = open(file,“r”)
except FileNotFoundError:
    fileobj1 = open(file, “w”)
    fileobj1.close()
    fileobj = open(file, “r”)

content = fileobj.read(10)
print(content)
#seek() – instruction to go to a perticular position
#fileobj.seek(1)  #goes to the beginning of the content
content1 = fileobj.readline()
print(“Content after readline:\n“,content1)

# read whats for H?
fileobj.seek(0)
content2 = fileobj.readlines()
print(content2)
character = “B”
for sentence in content2:
    if sentence[0]==character:
        print(sentence)

fileobj.close()

fileobj = open(file,“a”)
inp_content=”’
L: Lion
M: Monkey
N: Needle
O: Opal
P: Peach
”’
fileobj.write(inp_content)
inp_content2 = [‘Q: Queen\n‘,‘R: Rain\n‘,‘S: Ship\n‘,‘T: Teapot’]
fileobj.writelines(inp_content2)
fileobj.close()

### Writing usage
file=“MyLearn.txt”
fileobj = open(file,“a”)
inp_content=”’
L: Lion
M: Monkey
N: Needle
O: Opal
P: Peach
”’
fileobj.write(inp_content)
inp_content2 = [‘Q: Queen\n‘,‘R: Rain\n‘,‘S: Ship\n‘,‘T: Teapot’]
fileobj.writelines(inp_content2)
fileobj.close()

”’
1. Read from the diary
2. Write to the diary

2.
11-JUNE-2023: Today we had singing practice at school

1. 
Which date: 11-JUNE-2023
Output: Today we had singing practice at school

”’

import csv
file = “MyData.csv”
fileobj = open(file, mode=“a”, newline=“”)
csvwriter = csv.writer(fileobj, delimiter=“,”,quotechar=‘”‘,quoting=csv.QUOTE_MINIMAL)
while True:
    content = []
    name=input(“Enter your name:”)
    content.append(name)
    city=input(“Enter your city: “)
    content.append(city)
    score=input(“Enter your score:”)
    content.append(score)
    csvwriter.writerow(content)
    ch=input(“Enter any value to continue adding:”)
    if len(ch)==0:
        break
fileobj.close()

”’ Reading the data from the CSV file”’
fileobj = open(file)   # default mode is reading (r)
csvreader = csv.reader(fileobj,delimiter=“,”)
total = 0
for each_row in csvreader:
    total+=int(each_row[2])
print(“Total = “,total)

#CSV files reader / writer
# name
# lastname, firstname
import csv
filename = “FruitProduction.csv”
fileobj = open(filename,“w”,newline=“”)
writerobj = csv.writer(fileobj, delimiter=“,”,quotechar=‘”‘,quoting=csv.QUOTE_MINIMAL)
first_row = [‘Year’,‘Apple’,‘Banana’,‘Mango’,‘Oranges’]
second_row = [‘2023’,65,34,29,56]
third_row = [‘2022’,45,29,23,45]
forth_row = [‘2021’,39,29,19,25]
writerobj.writerow(first_row)
writerobj.writerow(second_row)
writerobj.writerow(third_row)
writerobj.writerow(forth_row)
fileobj.close()

fileobj = open(filename)  #default read mode
readerobj = csv.reader(fileobj,delimiter=‘,’)
for row in readerobj:
    print(row)
fileobj.close()
fileobj = open(filename)
#1. Show to Apple production for last 3 years
readerobj = csv.reader(fileobj,delimiter=‘,’)
print(“Apple production were:”)
for row in readerobj:
    print(row[0],“:”,row[1])

fileobj.close()

#Highest production of Mango
fileobj = open(filename)
#2. Highest Mango production
readerobj = csv.reader(fileobj,delimiter=‘,’)
mango_high,year_high = –1,-1

linecount=0
for row in readerobj:
    if linecount==0:
        linecount+=1
    else:
        if int(row[3]) > mango_high:
            mango_high=int(row[3])
            year_high = row[0]
print(“Highest Mango production was”,mango_high,“in the year”,year_high)
fileobj.close()

PostgreSQL Tutorial

# pymysql library connects to MYSQL
# Books
# Publishers

import sqlite3
connection = sqlite3.Connection(‘BOOKSDB.SQLITE’)
cursorobj = connection.cursor()

# SQL – Structured Query Language
# Dropping an already existing table:
#cursorobj.execute(“DROP TABLE Publishers”)

#create a new table:
table1 = ”’
Create Table Publishers(
PUBID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
PUBNAME VARCHAR,
PUBCITY VARCHAR
)
”’
#cursorobj.execute(table1)  #creates the table
#create a new table:
table2 = ”’
Create Table BOOKS(
BID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
TITLE VARCHAR,
AUTHOR VARCHAR,
PUBID INTEGER,
CONSTRAINT fk_pidid_cons Foreign Key (PUBID) References Publishers(PUBID)
)
”’
#cursorobj.execute(table2)  #creates the table

# INSERT Commands are used to add data to the tables
insert_data = [‘Insert into Publishers (PubID, PubName, PubCity) values (101, “ABC International”,”New York”)’,
               ‘Insert into Publishers values (102,”Indigo Publishers”,”New Delhi”)’,
               ‘Insert into Publishers (PubID, PubCity, PubName) values (105,”Hyderabad”,”Glocal Publishers”)’]

insert_data = [‘Insert into Books values (101,”Python Programming”,”Sachin”,102)’,
                ‘Insert into Books values (102,”Data Science Learning”,”Rohit”,102)’,
                ‘Insert into Books values (103,”SQL Programming”,”Virat”,105)’]
for statement in insert_data:
    cursorobj.execute(statement)
connection.commit()

# pymysql library connects to MYSQL
# Books
# Publishers

import sqlite3
connection = sqlite3.Connection(‘BOOKSDB.SQLITE’)
cursorobj = connection.cursor()

# SQL – Structured Query Language
# Dropping an already existing table:
#cursorobj.execute(“DROP TABLE Publishers”)

#create a new table:
table1 = ”’
Create Table Publishers(
PUBID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
PUBNAME VARCHAR,
PUBCITY VARCHAR
)
”’
#cursorobj.execute(table1) #creates the table
#create a new table:
table2 = ”’
Create Table BOOKS(
BID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
TITLE VARCHAR,
AUTHOR VARCHAR,
PUBID INTEGER,
CONSTRAINT fk_pidid_cons Foreign Key (PUBID) References Publishers(PUBID)
)
”’
#cursorobj.execute(table2) #creates the table

# INSERT Commands are used to add data to the tables
insert_data = [‘Insert into Publishers (PubID, PubName, PubCity) values (101, “ABC International”,”New York”)’,
‘Insert into Publishers values (102,”Indigo Publishers”,”New Delhi”)’,
‘Insert into Publishers (PubID, PubCity, PubName) values (105,”Hyderabad”,”Glocal Publishers”)’]

insert_data = [‘Insert into Books values (101,”Python Programming”,”Sachin”,102)’,
‘Insert into Books values (102,”Data Science Learning”,”Rohit”,102)’,
‘Insert into Books values (103,”SQL Programming”,”Virat”,105)’]

”’
for statement in insert_data:
 cursorobj.execute(statement)
connection.commit()
”’
# Read data from the database
q1 = “Select * from Publishers”
cursorobj.execute(q1)
results = cursorobj.fetchall()
print(type(results)) #<class ‘list’>
for row in results:
print(row)

q1 = “Select * from Books”
cursorobj.execute(q1)
results = cursorobj.fetchall()
print(type(results)) #<class ‘list’>
for row in results:
print(row)

#UPDATE
q3 =“Update Books Set Author =’Dhoni’ where BID=102 “
cursorobj.execute(q3)
connection.commit()

#DELETE
q3 =“Delete from Publishers where PUBID=101 “
cursorobj.execute(q3)
connection.commit()

q2 = “Select TITLE, PUBNAME, Author from Books t1, Publishers t2 where t1.PUBID=t2.PUBID”
cursorobj.execute(q2)
results = cursorobj.fetchall()
print(type(results)) #<class ‘list’>
for row in results:
#print(row)
 print(f”{row[0]} which is written by {row[2]} is published by {row[1]}“)

”’
Install MYSQL from
https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/mysql/

Installation steps:
https://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-installation-excerpt/5.7/en/
or check this:
https://www.sqlshack.com/how-to-install-mysql-database-server-8-0-19-on-windows-10/

Components that we need:
1. Server – dont forget the admin (root) password
2. Client – server host, database, database username and password
3. Database
4. Workbench – UI tool to connect to the Server
”’


import pymysql
connection = pymysql.Connection(host=“localhost”,database=“advaitdb”,user=“root”,password=“learnSQL”)
cursorobj = connection.cursor()

# SQL – Structured Query Language
# Dropping an already existing table:
#cursorobj.execute(“DROP TABLE Publishers”)

#create a new table:
table1 = ”’
Create Table advaitdb.Publishers(
PUBID INT PRIMARY KEY,
PUBNAME VARCHAR(15),
PUBCITY VARCHAR(15)
);
”’
#cursorobj.execute(table1) #creates the table
#create a new table:
table2 = ”’
Create Table advaitdb.BOOKS(
BID INT PRIMARY KEY,
TITLE VARCHAR(15),
AUTHOR VARCHAR(15),
PUBID INT,
CONSTRAINT fk_pidid_cons Foreign Key (PUBID) References Publishers(PUBID)
)
”’
#cursorobj.execute(table2) #creates the table
# Alter is used to change the datatype
# Modify to change the current structure
alter_q =“ALTER TABLE publishers Modify Column PUBNAME varchar(40)”
#cursorobj.execute(alter_q)

alter_q =“ALTER TABLE Books Modify Column TITLE varchar(40)”
cursorobj.execute(alter_q)
# INSERT Commands are used to add data to the tables
insert_data = [‘Insert into Publishers (PubID, PubName, PubCity) values (101, “ABC International”,”New York”)’,
‘Insert into Publishers values (102,”Indigo Publishers”,”New Delhi”)’,
‘Insert into Publishers (PubID, PubCity, PubName) values (105,”Hyderabad”,”Glocal Publishers”)’]
”’
for statement in insert_data:
 cursorobj.execute(statement)
connection.commit()
”’
insert_data = [‘Insert into Books values (101,”Python Programming”,”Sachin”,102)’,
‘Insert into Books values (102,”Data Science Learning”,”Rohit”,102)’,
‘Insert into Books values (103,”SQL Programming”,”Virat”,105)’]


for statement in insert_data:
cursorobj.execute(statement)
connection.commit()

# Read data from the database
q1 = “Select * from Publishers”
cursorobj.execute(q1)
results = cursorobj.fetchall()
print(type(results)) #<class ‘list’>
for row in results:
print(row)

q1 = “Select * from Books”
cursorobj.execute(q1)
results = cursorobj.fetchall()
print(type(results)) #<class ‘list’>
for row in results:
print(row)

#UPDATE
q3 =“Update Books Set Author =’Dhoni’ where BID=102 “
cursorobj.execute(q3)
connection.commit()

#DELETE
q3 =“Delete from Publishers where PUBID=101 “
cursorobj.execute(q3)
connection.commit()

q2 = “Select TITLE, PUBNAME, Author from Books t1, Publishers t2 where t1.PUBID=t2.PUBID”
cursorobj.execute(q2)
results = cursorobj.fetchall()
print(type(results)) #<class ‘list’>
for row in results:
#print(row)
 print(f”{row[0]} which is written by {row[2]} is published by {row[1]}“)

admin 0 Comments

Machine Learning

Feb 15 2023

Learn R Programming

var1 = 5

var1 = 50

print(var1)

#[1] 50

print(var1 + var4)

var = 55

var4 = 55

#print(var1, var4)

#Error in print.default(var1, var4) : invalid printing digits 55

cat(var1, var4) #50 55

print(‘var1 + var4’)

cat(‘var1 + var4=’,var1 + var4)

var1 + var4= 105

#class

print(class(var2)) #[1] “list”

#class

var2 <- 6

print(class(var2)) #[1] “numeric”

#class

var2 <- 6

print(class(var2)) #[1] “numeric”

var2 <- 6.0

print(class(var2)) #[1] “numeric”

var2 <- 6L #”numeric”

print(class(var2)) #[1] “integer”

var2 <- “6L” #”integer”

print(class(var2)) #[1] “character”

var2 = TRUE

print(class(var2)) ## “logical”

var1 = 10

var2 = 15

print(var1 %% var2) #modulo – remainder

var1 = 100

print(var1 %% var2) #modulo – remainder

var1 = 95

var2 = 15

print(var1 %% var2) #modulo – remainder

var1 = 5

var2 = 15

print(var1 ^ var2) #power:

var1<- 15

var2 <- 20

var3 <- 15

#Relational Operator / comparison operator – output is Logical

print(var1 > var2) #is var1 greater than var2? – FALSE

print(var1 >= var3)

print(var1 <= var3)

print(var1 == var3) # double = is for asking is it equal?

print(var1 != var3)

#Logical operator- input and output both are logical

#I will do work 1 and work 2 today

#actual – I did only work 1 => No

#I will do work 1 or work 2 today

#actual – I did only work 1 => Yes

print(var1 == var3 | var1 != var3) #

print(var1 == var3 & var1 != var3)

#CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

var1 <- 0

# is it positive or not ?

if (var1 >0) {

print(“Its positive”)

}

if (var1 >0) {

print(“Its positive”)

} else {

print(“Its not positive”)

}

if (var1 >0) {

print(“Its positive”)

} else if (var1<0){

print(“Its negative”)

} else {

print(“Its zero”)

}

#Collections: Vectors, Lists, Matrices, Arrays, Factors & DataFrames

#Vectors: will store multiple values of same datatype

vec1 <- c(45,56,36)

print(vec1)

#List: multiple data types

list1 = list(45,56,”Hello”,c(2,4,6))

print(list1)

#Matrix

mat1 = matrix(c(2,2,4,4,6,6,8,8,10,10,11,11) ,nrow=3,ncol = 4,byrow = FALSE)

print(mat1)

#Arrays – more than 2-D

arr1 = array(c(2,2,4,4,6,6,8,8,10,10,11,11),dim=c(2,4,2,2))

print(arr1)

#factors: categorical values

gender = factor(c(“M”,”M”,”M”,’F’,”F”,”F”))

print(class(gender))

print(nlevels(gender))

#DataFrame

players_stats <- data.frame(

ID= c(10,20,30),

Name=c(“Sachin”,”Virat”,”Dhoni”)

)

print(players_stats)

#membership: %in% : check if left side value is in right side or not

cities<- c(“Delhii”,”New York”,”London”)

print(“Delhi” %in% cities)

avg <- 98

## avg: 80: Grade A, 70-80: B, 60-70- C, 50-60 – D, 40-50: E , <40: Failed

if (avg >=80) {

print(“Grade: A”)

if (avg>=90){

print(“You win special certificate!”)

if (avg>=95) {

print(“You win medal”)

}

} else if (avg>=70) {

print(“Grade: B”)

} else if (avg>=60) {

print(“Grade: C”)

} else if (avg >=50) {

print(“Grade: D”)

} else if (avg>=40) {

print(“Grade: E”)

} else {

print(“Failed”)

}

result = 3

val1 <- switch(result,

“Grade A”,”Grade B”,”Grade C”,”Grade D”,”Grade E”, “Grade F”)

cat(“Result – “,val1)

#Loops – to repeat:

#repeat: keep repeating – break when a condition is met -EXIT Controlled

#while: will check for the condition and then repeat: ENTRY Controlled

#for (exactly how many times to run)

start = 1

repeat{

print(start)

if (start==10){

break

}

start = start+1

}

start = 11

while (start <=20) {

print(start)

start = start + 1

}

#For loop

words <- LETTERS[1:5]

for (i in words) {

print(i)

}

numbers <- seq(1,10,by=3)

for (i in numbers) {

print(i)

}

num = 30

start = 2

isPrime=TRUE

repeat{

if (num%%start==0){

isPrime = FALSE

break

}

if (start==num-1) {

break

}

start=start+1

}

if (isPrime) {

print(“Number is Prime”)

} else {

print(“Number is not Prime”)

}

## Assignment 1: Do the above with WHILE and FOR

## Assignment 2: Extend the same logic (one of the 3) to generate prime numbers

## between 1000 and 1500

for (num in 10:20){

#print(num)

num1=53

Isprime=TRUE

for (a in 3:(num1-1)) {

# cat(“testing value a”,a)

if (num1%%a == 0) {

Isprime=FALSE

#print(a)

#print(“inside Hello”)

break

}

if (Isprime==TRUE){

print(num)

}

########################

#Built-in function

print() #parameter

myfunc.generatePrime <- function(num) {

isPrime=TRUE

for(i in 2:(num-1)) {

if (num %%i==0) {

isPrime=FALSE

}

if (isPrime){

print(‘num is prime’)

} else {

print(‘num is not Prime’)

}

val <- mean(1:100)

print(val)

myfunc.generatePrime(30)

myfunc.checkPrime2 <- function(num) {

isPrime=TRUE

for(i in 2:(num-1)) {

if (num %%i==0) {

isPrime=FALSE

}

return(isPrime)

}

output <- myfunc.checkPrime2(53)

if (output){

print(‘num is prime’)

} else {

print(‘num is not Prime’)

}

for (num in 1000:1300) {

output <- myfunc.checkPrime2(num)

if (output){

print(num)

}

###### ##################### ################

#built in functions

print(seq(10,90))

print(max(10:90))

print(mean(10:90))

#user defined functions

sum.func <- function(num1=1, num2=2,num3=4,num4=6) {

cat(“Number 1 = “,num1)

cat(“\n Number 2 = “,num2,”\n”)

cat(“Number 3 = “,num3)

cat(“\n Number 4 = “,num4,”\n”)

result = num1 * num2

print(result)

}

#calling the functions by parameters

sum.func(40,30)

#call by name

sum.func(num2=40,num4=30)

## Assignments: Logic built using loops- convert them to

## functions

# #####################

a <- “Whats your name”

b <- ‘What\’s your name?’

print(paste(a,b,sep = “:”))

print(substring(a,2,6))

print(tolower(a))

print(toupper(a))

vector1 = c(“Monday”, TRUE,5,”Thursday”)

print(vector1)

print(vector1[2])

print(vector1[-2])

print(vector1[c(2,4)])

list1 = list(“Monday”, TRUE,5,”Thursday”)

print(list1)

VIDEO RECORDING OF THE SESSION

library(ggplot2)

dataset2 <- data.frame(city=c(“City A”,”City B”,”City C”),

revenue=c(200,220,190))

ggplot(dataset2, aes(x=city,y=revenue)) +

geom_bar(stat=”identity”)

##############################

# VECTORS

vec1 <- c(2,4,”HELLO”, 5,6)

print(vec1)

#built-in

vec2 <- 5:50

print(vec2)

vec2 <- 5.4:30.8

print(vec2)

#start, end and increment by

vec3 <- seq(5,30.2,by=0.9)

print(vec3)

vec1 <- c(2,4,”HELLO”, 5,6,9,11)

print(vec1[c(2,3,6)])

vec1 <- c(2,4,6,8,10)

vec2 <- c(1,2,1,2,0)

print(vec1 + vec2)

vec1 <- c(2,4,6,8,10,12)

vec2 <- c(1,2)

print(vec1 + vec2)

vec1 <- c(2,4,16,18,10,12)

vec3 <- sort(vec1)

print(vec3)

vec3 <- sort(vec1, decreasing = TRUE)

print(vec3)

## LIST

list1 <- list(55,”Hello”,c(2,4,6), 5.4)

print(list1)

print(list1[c(1,3)])

list2 <- list(33,99)

mergedlist <- c(list1,list2)

print(mergedlist)

###MATRICES

mat1 <- matrix(c(2,4,6,8,10,12),nrow = 3,byrow=FALSE)

print(mat1)

mat2 <- matrix(c(2,4,6,8,10,12),nrow = 3,byrow=TRUE)

print(mat2)

print(mat1 + mat2)

print(mat1 – mat2)

print(mat1 * mat2)

print(mat1 / mat2)

## ARRAY

arr1 <- array(c(2:20),dim = c(2,2,2))

print(arr1)

print(arr1[1,2,1])

print(arr1[,2,1])

# c(1,2,1)

## Factors

regions<- factor(c(“N”,”S”,”S”,”W”,”N”,”E”,”E”,”E”))

print(is.factor(regions))

dataset1 <- data.frame(

quarter = c(“Q1″,”Q2″,”Q3″,”Q4”),

revenue = c(100,150,200,170),

fruits = c(“Apple”,”Banana”,”Mango”,”Oranges”)

)

print(dataset1)

shorterrow <- dataset1[2:3,]

print(shorterrow)

print(dataset1[,c(2,3)])

print(dataset)

dataset$Salesperson = ifelse(is.na(dataset$Salesperson),

ave(dataset$Salesperson,FUN=function(x) mean(x,na.rm=TRUE)),

dataset$Salesperson)

dataset$Quotation = ifelse(is.na(dataset$Quotation),

ave(dataset$Quotation,FUN=function(x) mean(x,na.rm=TRUE)),

dataset$Quotation)

#connecting to SQL Server

#ipaddress, username, password, dbname

#install and run library – RODBC

#sql_connection = odbcConnect(“SQLSERVERODBC”)

#sqlQuery(sql_connection,”Select * from table1″)

#handling the categorical value

dataset$Region = factor(dataset$Region)

#step 3: breaking into training and test set

library(caTools)

split = sample.split(dataset$Win, SplitRatio = 0.8)

training_set = subset(dataset,split==TRUE)

test_set = subset(dataset,split==FALSE)

#Step 4: Feature Scaling

# to bring dataset in similar range

### 1. divide the column with higher value, inthis case quotation by 1000

### 2. Min-Max Scaling – values ranges between 0 to 1

### 3. Z Score normalization – preferred

training_set[,2:3] = scale(training_set[,2:3])

test_set[,2:3] = scale(test_set[,2:3])

test_set

Data Pre processing using R

COMPLETE MACHINE LEARNING NOTES HERE

setwd(‘D:\\dataset’)

dataset = read.csv(“2_Marks_Data.csv”)

scatter.smooth(x=dataset$Hours,y=dataset$Marks,main=”Hours Studied v Marks Obtained”)

#split the dataset into training set and test set

library(caTools)

split = sample.split(dataset$Marks, SplitRatio=0.8)

training_set = subset(dataset, split=TRUE)

test_set = subset(dataset, split=FALSE)

#create regression object

regressor=lm(formula = Marks~Hours, data = training_set)

summary(regressor)

# y = 20.76 + 7.57x

# While solving machine learning problem –

## 1. Is my data in a ready state to run the algorithm

## 2. Run the algorithm and check the values

#### 2.1. Is this the best performance of this model (can I improve this model)

#### 2.2: Is this the best model

## 3. Evaluate the performance of the algorithm

## RMSE and Rsquare (o to 1) – closer to 1 means best formance

## training performance v test performance – over fitting and under fitting

Video on Regression with R

setwd(‘D:\\dataset’)

dataset = read.csv(“2_Marks_Data.csv”)

print(dataset)

scatter.smooth(x=dataset$Hours,y=dataset$Marks,main=”Hours Studied v Marks Obtained”)

#split the dataset into training set and test set

library(caTools)

split = sample.split(dataset$Marks, SplitRatio=0.75)

#training_set = subset(dataset, split=TRUE)

training_set = dataset[split,]

print(training_set)

test_set = dataset[!split,]

print(test_set)

#create regression object

regressor=lm(formula = Marks~Hours, data = training_set)

summary(regressor)

# y = 20.76 + 7.57x

# While solving machine learning problem –

## 1. Is my data in a ready state to run the algorithm

## 2. Run the algorithm and check the values

#### 2.1. Is this the best performance of this model (can I improve this model)

#### 2.2: Is this the best model

## 3. Evaluate the performance of the algorithm

## RMSE and Rsquare (o to 1) – closer to 1 means best formance

## training performance v test performance – over fitting and under fitting

y_predict = predict(regressor, newdata = test_set)

#y_predict = predict(regressor, newdata = training_set)

comparison = cbind(test_set, y_predict)

print(comparison)

mse = mean((comparison$Marks – comparison$y_predict)^2)

print(mse)

library(MLmetrics)

mape.value = MAPE(comparison$y_predict, comparison$Marks)

print(mape.value)

y_predict = predict(regressor, newdata = training_set)

#y_predict = predict(regressor, newdata = training_set)

comparison = cbind(test_set, y_predict)

print(comparison)

mse = mean((comparison$Marks – comparison$y_predict)^2)

print(mse)

library(MLmetrics)

mape.value = MAPE(comparison$y_predict, comparison$Marks)

print(mape.value)

Model Evaluation (Post Processing)

admin 0 Comments

Python Programming

Feb 6 2023

Learn Python – Evening Jan 2022 – II

########################
####
str1 = 'HELLO'
str2 = "I am fine"
str3 = '''Where are you going?
How long will you be here?
What are you going to do?'''
str4 = """I am here
I will be here for next 7 days
I am going to just relax and chill"""
print(type(str1),type(str2),type(str3),type(str4))
print(str1)
print(str2)
print(str3)
print(str4)

# What's you name?
str5 = "What's your name?"
print(str5)
#He asked,"Where are you?"
str6 = 'He asked,"Where are you?"'
print(str6)

#He asked,"What's your name?"
#escape sequence  \
print('''He asked,"What's your name?"''')
print("He asked,\"What's your name?\"")

print('nnnnn\nnn\tnn')

print("\FOlder\\newfolder")
# \n is used to print newline in python
print("\\n is used to print newline in python")

# \\n will not print newline in python
print("\\\\n will not print newline in python")

str1 = "Hello You"
str2 = "There"
print(str1 + str2)
print(str1 *5)
for i in str1:
    print("Hello")

#indexing
print(str1[2])
print("last element: ",str1[4])
print("last element: ",str1[-1])
print("second element: ",str1[-8])
print("ell: ",str1[1:4])
print("ell: ",str1[-8:-5])
print("First 3: ",str1[:3])
print("First 3: ",str1[:-6])
print("Last 3: ",str1[6:])
print("Last 3: ",str1[-3:])

#Methods - exactly same as your functions - only difference is they are linked to a class
import time
str1 = "HELLO"
print(str1.replace("L","X",1))

sub_str = "LL"
str2 = "HELLO HOW WELL ARE YOU LL"
cnt = str2.find(sub_str)
print("Count = ",cnt)

if cnt<0:
    print("Sorry, no matching value hence removing")
else:
    print("Value found, now replacing")
    for i in range(5):
        print(". ",end="")
        time.sleep(0.5)
    print("\n")
    print(str2.replace(sub_str,"OOOO"))


out_res = str2.split("LL")
print("Output Result = ",out_res)

out_str = "LL".join(out_res)
print(out_str)

print(str2.title())
print(str2.lower())
print(str2.upper())

str3 = 'hello how well are you ll'
print(str3.islower())
print(str3.isupper())

num1 = input("Enter a number: ")
if num1.isdigit():
    num1 = int(num1)
else:
    print("Invaid input")

ename = input("Enter your first name: ")
if ename.isalpha():
    print("Your name is being saved...")
else:
    print("Invaid name")

#WAP to count of vowels in a sentence
para1 = "Work, family, and endless to-do lists can make it tough to find the time to catch up. But you'll never regret taking a break to chat with your friend, Frost reminds us. Everything else will still be there later."
sum=0
for l in para1:
    if l=='a' or l=='A' or l=='e' or l=='E' or l=='i' or l=='I' or l=='o' or l=='O' or l=='u' or l=='3':
        sum+=1
print("Total vowesl = ",sum)
sum=0
for l in para1.lower():
    if l=='a' or l=='e'  or l=='i' or l=='o' or l=='u':
        sum+=1
print("Total vowesl = ",sum)

sum=0
for l in para1.lower():
    if l in 'aeiou':
        sum+=1
print("Total vowesl = ",sum)

##########  LIST
#LIST
#collection of linear ordered items
list1 = [1,2,3,4,5]
print(type(list1))
print("Size = ",len(list1))

print(list1[0])
print(list1[-1])
print(list1[3])
print(list1[:3])
print(list1[-3:])
print(list1[1:4])

for i in list1:
    print(i)

print([2,3,4]+[6,4,9])
print([2,3,4]*3)

str2 = "A B C D A  B C A B A "
print(str2.count("D"))
print(list1.count(3))

l1 = [2,4,6,8]
print(l1.append(12))
print(l1)
l1[0]=10
print(l1)

l1.insert(2,15)
print(l1)

# Queue: FIFO
# Stack: LIFO

if 16 in l1:
    l1.remove(16) #takes in value to remove
l1.remove(15)
print(l1)
l1.pop(1) #index
print(l1)

#################
while False:
    print("Queue is: ",l1)
    print("1. Add\n2. Remove\n3. Exit")
    ch=input("Enter your choice: ")
    if ch=="1":
        val = input("Enter the value: ")
        l1.append(val)
    elif ch=="2":
        l1.pop(0)
    elif ch=="3":
        break
    else:
        print("Try again!")

while False:
    print("Stack is: ",l1)
    print("1. Add\n2. Remove\n3. Exit")
    ch=input("Enter your choice: ")
    if ch=="1":
        val = input("Enter the value: ")
        l1.append(val)
    elif ch=="2":
        l1.pop(-1)
    elif ch=="3":
        break
    else:
        print("Try again!")

l2 = l1  #they become same
l3 = l1.copy()
print("1. List1 = ",l1)
print("1. List2 = ",l2)
print("1. List3 = ",l3)

l1.append(33)
l2.append(44)
l3.append(55)

print("2. List1 = ",l1)
print("2. List2 = ",l2)
print("2. List3 = ",l3)

l1.extend(l3)
print(l1)
print(l1.count(6))

sum=0
marks=[]
for i in range(3):
    m = int(input("Enter marks in subject "+str(i+1)+": "))
    marks.append(m)
    sum+=m
print("Sum is ",sum, "and average is ",sum/3)
print("Marks obtained is ",marks)

#THREE STUDENTS AND THREE SUBJECTS:
allmarks=[]
for j in range(3):
    sum=0
    marks=[]
    for i in range(3):
        m = int(input("Enter marks in subject "+str(i+1)+": "))
        marks.append(m)
        sum+=m
    print("Sum is ",sum, "and average is ",sum/3)
    print("Marks obtained is ",marks)

    allmarks.append(marks)

print("All the marks are: ",allmarks)

# All the marks are:  [[88, 66, 77], [99, 44, 66], [44, 99, 88]]
# find the highest marks of each subject

#Tuple - linear order immutable collection
#strings are also immutable

tuple1 = (1,3,1,4,1,5,1,6)
print(type(tuple1))
print(len(tuple1))
print(tuple1.count(1))
print(tuple1.index(4))
print(tuple1[2])
for i in tuple1:
    print(i)
t1 = list(tuple1)
t1.append(55)
t1=tuple(t1)
t2 = (2,4,6,8)   #packing
#unpacking
a,b,c,d,e = t2
print(a,b,c,d)
#packing

import numpy as np
x = range(16)
x = np.reshape(x,(8,2))
print(x)
x2 = np.ones((3,3))
print(x2)
x3 = np.full((4,4),11)
print(x3)
x4 = [[1,2,1],[1,1,1],[2,2,2],[3,1,1]]
x4 = np.array(x4)
print(type(x4))
print(x4)

#indexing
print(x4[1:3,1:])
x5 = np.array([[1,2,1],[1,1,1],[2,2,2],[3,1,1]])
print(x4+x5)
print(np.add(x4,x5))
print(x4-x5)
print(np.subtract(x4,x5))
print(x4 * x5)
print(np.multiply(x4,x5))
print(x4 / x5)
print(np.divide(x4,x5))
print(x4 // x5)
print(np.sqrt(x4))
print(np.mean(x4))
print(“Shape of the matrix = “,np.shape(x4))
x6 = [[5],[6],[4]]
print(x4 @ x6) #matrix multiplication
print(np.matmul(x4,x6))



# x=5, y=4
# 3x-2y = 7
# 3x+5y = 35
# A * B = C => B = A inverse * C
A = np.array([[3,-2],[3,5]])
C = np.array([[7],[35]])
#find determinant and if its non zero only then perform inverse
det_A = np.linalg.det(A)
if det_A != 0:
Inv_A = np.linalg.inv(A)
Sol = Inv_A @ C
print(“Solution is: “,Sol)
else:
print(“Solution is not possible”)

# SCIPY
import scipy
#

Numpy Video

#Indigo computers how many laptops and desktops to make
# memory chip: 1L+ 2D <=15000
# processing chip: 1L + 1D <=10000
# machine time: 4L + 3D <=25000
# maximize Profit: 750L + 1000D = ?
import numpy as np
from scipy.optimize import minimize, LinearConstraint, linprog
l,d = 1,1
obj = 750*l + 1000*d
#since we are going to minimize, the obj becomes
obj = –750*l –1000*d
obj_list = [-750, –1000]

lhs_constraint_ineq = [[1,2],
[1,1],
[4,3]]
rhs_value=[15000,
10000,
25000]
val_bounds = [(0, float(“inf”)),(0, float(“inf”))]
opt_sol = linprog(c=obj_list, A_ub=lhs_constraint_ineq, b_ub=rhs_value,method=“revised simplex”)
print(opt_sol)


import pandas as pd
data1 = pd.DataFrame([10,20,30,40,50])
print(data1)

data1 = pd.DataFrame([[10, “Sachin”],[20,“Laxman”],[30,“Dhoni”],[40,“Kohli”],[50,“Rohit”]], columns=
[“Roll No”,“Name”],
index=[“Player 1”,“Player 2”,“Player 3”,“Player 4”,“Player 4”])
print(data1)

dataset1 = pd.read_csv(“D:/datasets/ongc.csv”)
print(dataset1)

VIDEO FOR ABOVE DISCUSSION

import pandas as pd
data = [[“Sachin”,“Cricket”,“Mumbai”,19000],[“Virat”,“Cricket”,“Delhi”,10000],
[“Dhoni”,“Cricket”,“Ranchi”,11000],[“Sunil”,“Cricket”,“Mumbai”,8000],
[“Ravi”,“Cricket”,“Mumbai”, 3000]]
data_df = pd.DataFrame(data, columns=[“Name”,“Sports”,“City”,“Runs”],
index=[“A”,“B”,“C”,“D”,“E”])
print(data_df)
print(pd.__version__) #2.0.0
print(data_df.loc[“B”]) # loc & iloc
print(data_df.loc[[“A”,“C”]])

print(data_df.iloc[0])
print(data_df.iloc[0,2]) #(row,col)
print(data_df.iloc[[0,2],2])
print(data_df.iloc[0:3,1:3])
print(data_df.iloc[3:,:2])

print(“Average of Runs scored: “, data_df[“Runs”].mean())
print(“Total Runs scored: “, data_df[“Runs”].sum())
# Axis = 0 is for Rows, Axis = 1 is for Columns
data_df = data_df.drop([“A”], axis=0)
data_df = data_df.drop([“City”], axis=1)
#
data_df = data_df.drop(data_df.index[1])
data_df = data_df[data_df.Name !=“Virat”]
print(“After Drop”)
print(data_df)

VIDEO - PANDAS INTRODUCTION

import pandas as pd
device_df = pd.read_csv(“D:/datasets/gitdataset/user_device.csv”) # 272 rows x 6 columns
usage_df = pd.read_csv(“D:/datasets/gitdataset/user_usage.csv”) # 240 rows x 4 columns
print(usage_df.head(6))

# merge
usage_device_df = pd.merge(usage_df, device_df,on=“use_id”) # inner
print(“INNER \n“,usage_device_df)
usage_device_df = pd.merge(usage_df, device_df,on=“use_id”, how=“left”) # inner
print(“LEFT \n“,usage_device_df)
usage_device_df = pd.merge(usage_df, device_df,on=“use_id”, how=“right”) # inner
print(“RIGHT \n“,usage_device_df)

usage_device_df = pd.merge(usage_df, device_df,on=“use_id”, how=“outer”) # inner
print(“FULL \n“,usage_device_df)

# 272 & 240 – 159 (159 + 113 + 81 = 353)
print(“Number of Rows in Combind tables: “,usage_device_df.shape[0])
print(“Number of Columns in Combind tables: “,usage_device_df.shape[1])

hotels_df = pd.read_csv(“D:/datasets/gitdataset/hotel_bookings.csv”)
print(hotels_df.shape)
print(hotels_df.dtypes)

”’
Data Analytics steps:
1. Collecting data
2. Data cleaning: missing data, outliers
”’
# heatmap to check missing values
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns

cols_30 = hotels_df.columns[:30]
print(cols_30)
sns.heatmap(hotels_df[cols_30].isnull(), cmap=sns.color_palette([“#00FF00”, “#FF0000”]))
plt.show()

data = [[“January”,1500,1900],[“February”,1900,1800],[“March”,1500,1800],[“April”,1000,1500],[“May”, 2300,2500]]
import pandas as pd
data_df = pd.DataFrame(data, columns=[“Month”,“Runs Scored”,“Runs Given Away”])
print(data_df)
print(data_df[“Runs Scored”].mean())
print(data_df[“Runs Given Away”].sum())
print(data_df[data_df[‘Month’]==“March”])
print(data_df[data_df[‘Month’].isin([“January”,“April”,“May”])])
print(data_df.iloc[0])
print(data_df.loc[[0,2,4],[“Month”,“Runs Given Away”]])

#pd.read_csv(“https://raw.githubusercontent.com/swapnilsaurav/Dataset/master/user_device.csv”)
device_df = pd.read_csv(“D:/datasets/gitdataset/user_device.csv”) #(272, 6)
print(device_df.shape)
usage_df = pd.read_csv(“D:/datasets/gitdataset/user_usage.csv”) #(240, 4)
print(usage_df.shape)
new_df = pd.merge(device_df, usage_df,on=“use_id”) #how=inner
print(new_df)

new_df = pd.merge(device_df, usage_df,on=“use_id”, how=“left”) #how=inner
print(new_df)
new_df = pd.merge(device_df, usage_df,on=“use_id”, how=“right”) #how=inner
print(new_df)
new_df = pd.merge(device_df, usage_df,on=“use_id”, how=“outer”) #how=inner
print(new_df)
# 159+81+113 = 353


link = “https://raw.githubusercontent.com/swapnilsaurav/Dataset/master/baseball_game_logs.csv”

import pandas as pd
data_df = pd.read_csv(link)
print(data_df)

VIDEO RECORDING OF THE SESSION

# Natural language processing
import pandas as pd
link = “https://raw.githubusercontent.com/swapnilsaurav/OnlineRetail/master/order_reviews.csv”
reviews_df = pd.read_csv(link)


”’
1. convert entire text to lower case
2. decomposition on the text (readable text)
3. convert accent (language specific words) into ASCII value (ignore the error)
4. Tokenization: breaking into words
5. Stop words removal (non helpful)
”’
#review_comment_message
import nltk
import unicodedata
reviews_df = reviews_df[reviews_df[‘review_comment_message’].notnull()].copy()
print(reviews_df[‘review_comment_message’].head())

# Function to translate into English
#pip install googletrans==4.0.0-rc1
”’
from googletrans import Translator
translator = Translator()
reviews_df[‘review_comment_english’] = reviews_df[‘review_comment_message’].apply(lambda x: translator.translate(x,src=”pt”, dest=’en’).text)

print(reviews_df[‘review_comment_english’])
”’
# function to normalize portuguese text
def normalize_text(text):
return unicodedata.normalize(‘NFKD’,text).encode(‘ascii’,errors=‘ignore’).decode(‘utf-8’)
def basic_nlp(text):
text = text.lower() # step 1 – lowercase
 # steps 2 and 3
 text = normalize_text(text)
# step 4: tokenize
 words = set(normalize_text(word) for word in nltk.tokenize.word_tokenize(text))
# step 5: remove stop words (non meaningful words)
 STOP_WORDS = nltk.corpus.stopwords.words(‘portuguese’)
words = tuple(w for w in words if w not in STOP_WORDS and w.isalpha())
return words

reviews_df[‘review_comment_words’] = reviews_df[‘review_comment_message’].apply(basic_nlp)
print(“===================”)
print(reviews_df[‘review_comment_words’].head())

# Unigram, bigram, trigram

NLP Basic Video

Probability Distribution Notes

admin 0 Comments

BASIC INFORMATION

Assignment Programs

PROJECT 1: Working with Dictionary

SQL Programming - Sessions

About Us

Quick Links

Services

Contact Us